Guía técnica para la estimación de impactos ambientales producidos por fuga de combustible en las gasolineras
Fecha
2016-09
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Universidad de Guayaquil : Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo
Resumen
En el Ecuador hay aproximadamente 1.077 gasolineras y estaciones de servicio que operan en la distribución de combustible al segmento automotriz; estas gasolineras, por fallas en el diseño, la construcción u operación, como los casos de rotura de tanques y de tuberías subterráneas con problemas de corrosión; errores de instalación u operación de los mismos, que producen sobrellenados en los tanques, pueden presentar derrame o fugas de combustible al ambiente, impactando negativamente al suelo y las aguas subterráneas, como los casos mencionados en esta investigación. El objetivo principal es establecer lineamientos de estimación de los impactos ambientales negativos producidos por los manejos inadecuados de los combustibles en las gasolineras en el Ecuador, que permitan implementar controles institucionales para la conservación del aire, suelo y agua de los sitios y/o ubicaciones donde las gasolineras operan.
El marco metodológico se desarrolló bajo una combinación de modalidades, como la aplicación de los métodos: descriptivo, exploratorio y explicativo, que abarca un enfoque cualitativo de los procesos, mecanismos que ocurren cuando se produce una fuga de combustible en las gasolineras; para lo cual se revisó la bibliografía, especialmente la norma ASTM1739 RBCA, para luego hacer una adecuación de los conceptos de la misma para su aplicabilidad al contexto ecuatoriano, tomando en cuenta las limitaciones tecnológicas, geográficas e institucionales. A su vez se realizó la investigación de campo en la gasolinera Galpones, para obtener un diagnóstico del problema de las fugas de combustibles, estimando sus impactos ambientales negativos, mediante el uso de un modelo conceptual propuesto, usando un enfoque cualitativo en el problema presentado.
Luego del análisis de la norma mencionada, se propuso una guía técnica de estimación de los impactos ambientales de las fugas de combustibles, llegándose a la conclusión, que adecuándola a la realidad ecuatoriana, direcciona los recursos, humano, financieros y de tiempo, aumentando la rapidez de la respuesta de mitigación y recuperación de los sitios afectados. Adicionalmente, ayuda a los técnicos en los procesos de comercialización y migración de los combustibles, y a las autoridades para que mejoren la prevención de fugas, implementando los controles efectivos.
In the Ecuador there are approximately 1,077 stations and stations of service that operate in the distribution of fuel to the segment Automotive; these gas stations, by failures in the design, the construction or operation, as them cases of break of tanks and of pipes underground with problems of corrosion; errors from installation or operation thereof, which produce Overfilled tanks, can present spillage or leakage of fuel into the environment, impacting negatively to soil and groundwater, such as the cases referred to in this research. The main objective is to establish guidelines for the estimation of environmental impacts caused by inadequate handling of fuels at gas stations in the Ecuador, allowing to implement institutional controls for the conservation of air, soil and water of the sites or locations where stations operate. It frame methodological is developed under a combination of modalities, as the application of them methods: descriptive, exploratory and explanatory, that covers an approach qualitative of them processes, mechanisms that occur when is produces a leak of fuel in them petrol stations; for which is reviewed the bibliography, especially the standard ASTM1739 RBCA, for then do an adequacy of them concepts of the same for its applicability to the context Ecuadorian, taking in has them limitations technological, geographical e institutional. At the same time was carried out field research in the petrol sheds, for diagnosis of the problem of leakages of fuels, estimating its negative environmental impacts, through the use of a conceptual model proposed, using a qualitative approach in the presented problem. After the analysis of the mentioned standard, proposed a technical guide for the estimation of the environmental impacts of fuel leaks, reaching the conclusion that adapting it to the reality of Ecuador, directs resources, human, financial and time, increasing the speed of the response of mitigation and recovery of affected sites. In addition, support technicians in the processes of commercialization and migration of fuels, and the authorities improve the prevention of leaks, implementing effective controls.
In the Ecuador there are approximately 1,077 stations and stations of service that operate in the distribution of fuel to the segment Automotive; these gas stations, by failures in the design, the construction or operation, as them cases of break of tanks and of pipes underground with problems of corrosion; errors from installation or operation thereof, which produce Overfilled tanks, can present spillage or leakage of fuel into the environment, impacting negatively to soil and groundwater, such as the cases referred to in this research. The main objective is to establish guidelines for the estimation of environmental impacts caused by inadequate handling of fuels at gas stations in the Ecuador, allowing to implement institutional controls for the conservation of air, soil and water of the sites or locations where stations operate. It frame methodological is developed under a combination of modalities, as the application of them methods: descriptive, exploratory and explanatory, that covers an approach qualitative of them processes, mechanisms that occur when is produces a leak of fuel in them petrol stations; for which is reviewed the bibliography, especially the standard ASTM1739 RBCA, for then do an adequacy of them concepts of the same for its applicability to the context Ecuadorian, taking in has them limitations technological, geographical e institutional. At the same time was carried out field research in the petrol sheds, for diagnosis of the problem of leakages of fuels, estimating its negative environmental impacts, through the use of a conceptual model proposed, using a qualitative approach in the presented problem. After the analysis of the mentioned standard, proposed a technical guide for the estimation of the environmental impacts of fuel leaks, reaching the conclusion that adapting it to the reality of Ecuador, directs resources, human, financial and time, increasing the speed of the response of mitigation and recovery of affected sites. In addition, support technicians in the processes of commercialization and migration of fuels, and the authorities improve the prevention of leaks, implementing effective controls.
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FUGA DE COMBUSTIBLES