Evaluación de cinco alternativas silvopastoriles para mejorar pasturas degradadas en la estación experimental central de la amazonía
Fecha
2016
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Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias Universidad de Guayaquil
Resumen
En la Estación Experimental Central de la Amazonía del INIAP, ubicada en la Cantón
Joya de los Sachas, Provincia de Orellana, se realizó la investigación de cinco
alternativas silvopastoriles para mejorar pasturas degradadas. Los objetivos: evaluar el
comportamiento agronómico de las especies que conforman las combinaciones
silvopastoriles en estudio, en la Estación Experimental Central de la Amazonía del
INIAP, determinar el efecto de las alternativas silvopastoriles en estudio sobre las
características físicas, químicas y biológicas del suelo y realizar análisis económico de
presupuesto parcial de las alternativas silvopastoriles en estudio. Se estudiaron siete
tratamientos que corresponde a las combinaciones pasto más frutal y leñosas forrajeras
comparados con dos testigos (testigo productor y testigo mejorado) en tres repeticiones.
Las gramíneas fueron Brachiaria hibrido (Mulato II) y Brachiariadecumbes (dallis),
las leñosa forrajeras fueron Gliricidiasepium, Flemingiamacrophylla,
Leucaenaleucocephala, Thitoniadiversifolia y el frutal Psidiumguajava. El diseño de los
sistemas silvopastoriles fue cultivo de pastos en callejones. Transcurrido el quinto año
de evaluación (2015) las alternativas silvopastoriles no tuvieron efecto significativo en
lo agronómico, físico y económico;en base a los resultados se concluye que los sistemas
silvopastoriles compuestos por Leucaena + Guayaba y Botón de oro + Guayaba son los
que han soportado el ramoneo de los animales. El sistema flemingia + guayaba a pesar
de que presenta una buena opción, la gramínea no es muy apetecida por los animales
por presencia de taninos en sus hoja que la hace no muy palatable para los bovinos. La
presencia de lombrices en los sistemas demuestra que son una alternativa para la
conservación y mejoramiento del suelo. Los sistemas silvopastoriles mejoran la calidad
ambiental y sostenibilidad de producción bovina en la región amazónica ecuatoriana
(RAE).
In the INIAP's Central Experimental Station in the Joya de los Sachas Canton, Province of Orellana, five silvopastoral alternatives were investigated to improve degraded pastures. The objectives: to evaluate the agronomic behavior of the species that make up the silvopastoral combinations under study at the National Experimental Station of the INIAP, to determine the effect of the silvopastoral alternatives under study on the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the soil and to perform Economic analysis of partial budget of silvopastoral alternatives under study. Seven treatments corresponding to the combinations of grass plus forage and woody forage compared to two controls (producer and improved control) were studied in three replicates. The grasses were Brachiariahybridus (Mulato II) and Brachiariadecumbes (dallis), woody forage were Gliricidiasepium, Flemingiamacrophylla, Leucaenaleucocephala, Thitoniadiversifolia and the fruity Psidiumguajava. The design of silvopastoral systems was pasture farming in alleys. After the fifth year of evaluation (2015) the silvopastoral alternatives did not have a significant effect based on the results, it is concluded that the silvopastoral systems composed of Leucaena + Guayaba and Button of gold + Guayaba are those that have endured the roaming of the animals. The system flemingia + guava although it presents a good option, the grass is not much desired by the animals because of the presence of tannins in their leaves that makes it not very palatable for cattle. The presence of earthworms in the systems shows that they are an alternative for the conservation and improvement of the soil. Silvopastoral systems improve the environmental quality and sustainability of cattle production in the Ecuadorian Amazon region (SAR).
In the INIAP's Central Experimental Station in the Joya de los Sachas Canton, Province of Orellana, five silvopastoral alternatives were investigated to improve degraded pastures. The objectives: to evaluate the agronomic behavior of the species that make up the silvopastoral combinations under study at the National Experimental Station of the INIAP, to determine the effect of the silvopastoral alternatives under study on the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the soil and to perform Economic analysis of partial budget of silvopastoral alternatives under study. Seven treatments corresponding to the combinations of grass plus forage and woody forage compared to two controls (producer and improved control) were studied in three replicates. The grasses were Brachiariahybridus (Mulato II) and Brachiariadecumbes (dallis), woody forage were Gliricidiasepium, Flemingiamacrophylla, Leucaenaleucocephala, Thitoniadiversifolia and the fruity Psidiumguajava. The design of silvopastoral systems was pasture farming in alleys. After the fifth year of evaluation (2015) the silvopastoral alternatives did not have a significant effect based on the results, it is concluded that the silvopastoral systems composed of Leucaena + Guayaba and Button of gold + Guayaba are those that have endured the roaming of the animals. The system flemingia + guava although it presents a good option, the grass is not much desired by the animals because of the presence of tannins in their leaves that makes it not very palatable for cattle. The presence of earthworms in the systems shows that they are an alternative for the conservation and improvement of the soil. Silvopastoral systems improve the environmental quality and sustainability of cattle production in the Ecuadorian Amazon region (SAR).
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Palabras clave
HERBACEAS, LEÑOSAS FORRAJERAS, SILVOPASTURAS, BRACHIARIA