Estado del arte en determinación de las variables que definen los modelos de contaminación ambiental en el aire producidos por metales pesados y HAPS (hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos)
Fecha
2016-09
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Universidad de Guayaquil. Facultad de Ciencias Matemáticas y Físicas. Carrera de Ingeniería en Networking y Telecomunicaciones
Resumen
La extracción de petróleo en años anteriores se realizó de forma indiscriminada donde los desechos producidos por su explotación fueron arrojados directamente a los ríos, suelos, sin ningún tipo de control, actualmente se exigen exhaustivos controles para su explotación y refinación exigiéndose una eliminación responsable de los desechos que produce la explotación petrolera. No obstante, los derrames de petróleo producidos por rupturas de los ductos de transporte causan serias alteraciones al ecosistema, provocando terribles daños a seres humanos, plantas, animales, microorganismos, perturbando procesos naturales. Cabe resaltar que en su gran mayoría estas rupturas de tuberías se localizan en zonas de difícil de acceso, aumentando el tiempo de reacción ante estos desastres, y desde luego que, minimizar el tiempo de remediación ante un foco de contaminación es factor primordial ya que disminuye los efectos adversos a plantas, animales, humanos. En el petróleo se han identificado principalmente dos tipos de contaminantes: los HAPS (Hidrocarburos Aromáticos Policíclicos) y los metales pesados, estos contaminantes afectan suelo, aire, agua. Dentro de este marco se desarrolló el proyecto binacional Francia – Ecuador Programa de Monitoreo Ambiental, Salud, Sociedad y Petróleo del Ecuador denominado “MONOIL” que tiene como objetivo primordial estudiar y monitorear los impactos ambientales que producen las actividades petroleras en el Ecuador, este proyecto necesita disponer de estudios que permitan establecer un levantamiento de información (línea base), específicamente este trabajo se basa en un estado del arte en determinación de las variables que definen los modelos de contaminación ambiental en el aire producidos por metales pesados y HAPS, el cual contribuirá al modelo o solución final del proyecto.
The extraction of oil in the previous years was realized indiscriminately since the waste produced by its exploitation was thrown directly to the rivers, soils, without any type of control. Nowadays exhaustive controls are demanded for its exploitation and refining being demanded responsible elimination responsible for the waste that produces the exploitation of oil. However, the spillages of oil produced by breaks of the ducts of transport cause serious alterations to the ecosystem, provoking terrible hurts the human beings, plants, animals, microorganisms, disturbing natural processes. It is necessary to highlight that in its great majority these breaks of pipelines are produced zones of difficult access, increasing the time of reaction after these disasters. There are two well identified pollutants: The HAPS (Aromatic Polycyclical Hydrocarbons) and the heavy metals. These pollutants affect soil, air and water. Inside this frame the binational project developed between France and Ecuador Programmes of Environmental Monitoring, Health, Company and Oil of the Ecuador named “MONOIL” has as basic aim to study in the Ecuador. This project needs to have studies that allow to establish a raising of information (line bases). This work is based on a condition of the state art of on determination of the variables that define the models of environmental pollution in the air produced by heavy metals and HAPS which will contribute to the model or final solution for the project.
The extraction of oil in the previous years was realized indiscriminately since the waste produced by its exploitation was thrown directly to the rivers, soils, without any type of control. Nowadays exhaustive controls are demanded for its exploitation and refining being demanded responsible elimination responsible for the waste that produces the exploitation of oil. However, the spillages of oil produced by breaks of the ducts of transport cause serious alterations to the ecosystem, provoking terrible hurts the human beings, plants, animals, microorganisms, disturbing natural processes. It is necessary to highlight that in its great majority these breaks of pipelines are produced zones of difficult access, increasing the time of reaction after these disasters. There are two well identified pollutants: The HAPS (Aromatic Polycyclical Hydrocarbons) and the heavy metals. These pollutants affect soil, air and water. Inside this frame the binational project developed between France and Ecuador Programmes of Environmental Monitoring, Health, Company and Oil of the Ecuador named “MONOIL” has as basic aim to study in the Ecuador. This project needs to have studies that allow to establish a raising of information (line bases). This work is based on a condition of the state art of on determination of the variables that define the models of environmental pollution in the air produced by heavy metals and HAPS which will contribute to the model or final solution for the project.
Descripción
ADOBE
Palabras clave
Contaminación, Haps, Metales Pesados, modelos, petróleo