Estudio físico químico y biológico del proceso de eutrofización del embalse de poza honda y su incidencia en la formación de trihalometanos en el sistema regional de agua potable de Poza Honda
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2005
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Universidad de Guayaquil. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas
Resumen
El primer Embalse construido en el Ecuador fue el de Poza Honda en la provincia de Manabí, para proveer agua potable e irrigación en el valle de Portoviejo.
El embalse tiene problemas de eutrofización debido al clima tropical, uso intensivo de la tierra en áreas críticas, y la ganadería en menor escala. La transparencia, durante todas las estaciones del año tiene un promedio de 0.7 pfm a causa del acelerado crecimiento de algas. Esto causa que las concentraciones de oxigeno disuelto sean menores a 1 mg/l en el fondo, debido a la descomposición de las algas y el total de las concentraciones de fósforo de 0.4 mg/l y de nitrógeno de 0.4 mg/l.
Se han estimado las cargas de nutrientes que llegan al embalse para diferentes épocas climáticas, en la que se denota la diferencia existente entre las estaciones secas con las lluviosas.
Se hizo una estimación sobre la estabilidad de la estratificación del embalse, llegando a la conclusión, de que existen en el, durante varios meses capas horizontales debidos a influencias térmicas que producen diferencias de calidad entre las aguas de la zona superficial (epilimnion) y en la zona de mayores profundidades. Circulaciones completas al embalse, que son producidas por las precipitaciones, influencia del viento y la mayoría durante la época de lluvia.
Importancia especial bajo las condiciones dadas del Embalse de Poza Honda, se concede a la irradiación del sol y al régimen de luz dentro de la zona de producción con respecto al proceso de foto asimilación y al desarrollo de algas.
El mecanismo de descomposición de hierro y manganeso, como también la forma reductora de amonio y gas sulfhídrico, valor del ph, son factores en que que el embalse demuestra un muy alto nivel de bio-producción. Por eso, en el hipolimnion es decir, la zona de mayor profundidad y en el fondo por lo menos durante todo el periodo de sequía, a sea mientras exista la estratificación del embalse, dominan en el agua, más debajo de 5 mt procesos anaerobios de putrefacción que conducen a un sensible empeoramiento de la calidad del agua en el embalse y dificultan considerablemente la producción de agua potable en la planta de tratamiento actual y generan por lo menos temporalmente, reducciones de la calidad del agua potable.
El agua potable como fuente de enfermedades ha sido por miles de años un tópico de interés. El presente trabajo trata de un problema de reciente retención con relación a este tópico. El desarrollo de técnicas analíticas más sensibles ha permitido identificar y cuantificar una gran cantidad de compuestos orgánicos en agua potable, entre los que se encuentra los trihalometanos.
Estos trihalometanos se producen durante el proceso de desinfección por reacción del cloro, ión bromuro e ión yoduro con algunos compuestos orgánicos presentes en las aguas llamados genéricamente precursores. Los trihalometanos encontrados con mayor frecuencia son el cloroformo (100%), el bromodiclorometano (97.5%), el dibromoclorometano (90%), y el bromoformo (31%). El trabajo resume y discute los aspectos más importantes de la problemática referente a la presencia de trihalometanos en agua potable y los riesgos para la salud. Los tópicos tratados incluyen: formación y niveles detectados, niveles permisibles como resultado de estudios toxicológicos y epidemiológicos, así como una evaluación de las alternativas propuestas para alcanzar los niveles máximos permisibles establecidos en el presente.
The first Reservoir built in the Ecuador was that of Deep Puddle in the county of Manabí, and it was built to provide drinkable water and irrigation in the valley of Portoviejo. The reservoir has eutrofización problems due to the tropical climate; I use intensive of the earth in critical areas, and the cattle rising in smaller scale. The transparency, during all the stations of the year has an average of 0.7 pfm because of the quick growth of algae. This causes that the concentrations of I oxygenate dissolved they are smaller to 1 mg/l in the bottom, due to the decomposition of the algae and the total of the concentrations of match of 0.4 mg/l and of nitrogen of 0.4 mg/l. They have been considered the loads of nutrients that arrive to the reservoir for different climatic times, in which the existent difference is denoted among the dry stations with the rainy ones. An estimate was made about the stability of the stratification of the reservoir, reaching the conclusion, that they exist in the, during several months due horizontal layers to thermal influences that produce differences of quality among the waters of the superficial area (epilimnion) and in the area of more depths. Complete circulations to the reservoir that you/they are produced by the precipitations, influence of the wind and most during the rain time. Special importance under the given conditions of the Reservoir of Deep Puddle is granted to the irradiation of the sun and the régime of light inside the production area with regard to the process of picture assimilation and to the development of algae. The mechanism of iron decomposition and manganese, as well as the form ammonium reductora and gas sulfhídrico, value of the ph, is deduced that the reservoir demonstrates a very high bio-production level. For that reason, in the hipolimnion that is to say, the area of more depth and in the bottom at least during the whole period of drought, to it is while the stratification of the reservoir exists, they dominate in the water, more under 5 mt processes anaerobios of rot that lead to a sensitive worsening of the quality of the water in the reservoir and they hinder the production of drinkable water considerably in the plant of current treatment and they generate at least temporarily, reductions of the quality of the drinkable water. The drinkable water as source of illnesses has been for thousands of years a topic of interest. The present work is about a problem of recent retention with relationship to this topic. The development of technical analytic more sensitive it has allowed to identify and to quantify a great quantity of compound organic in drinkable water, among those that he/she is the trihalometanos. These trihalometanos takes place during the disinfection process for reaction of the chlorine, ión bromide and ión I iodize with some compounds organic present in the waters called precursors generically. The opposing trihalometanos with more frequency is the chloroform (100%), the bromodiclorometano (97.5%), the dibromoclorometano (90%), and the bromoformo (31%). The work summarizes and it discusses the most important aspects in the problem with respect to the trihalometanos presence in drinkable water and the risks for the health. The topics treaties include: formation and detected levels, even permissible as a result of studies toxicológicos and epidemic, as well as an evaluation of the alternatives proposals to reach the permissible maximum levels settled down presently.
The first Reservoir built in the Ecuador was that of Deep Puddle in the county of Manabí, and it was built to provide drinkable water and irrigation in the valley of Portoviejo. The reservoir has eutrofización problems due to the tropical climate; I use intensive of the earth in critical areas, and the cattle rising in smaller scale. The transparency, during all the stations of the year has an average of 0.7 pfm because of the quick growth of algae. This causes that the concentrations of I oxygenate dissolved they are smaller to 1 mg/l in the bottom, due to the decomposition of the algae and the total of the concentrations of match of 0.4 mg/l and of nitrogen of 0.4 mg/l. They have been considered the loads of nutrients that arrive to the reservoir for different climatic times, in which the existent difference is denoted among the dry stations with the rainy ones. An estimate was made about the stability of the stratification of the reservoir, reaching the conclusion, that they exist in the, during several months due horizontal layers to thermal influences that produce differences of quality among the waters of the superficial area (epilimnion) and in the area of more depths. Complete circulations to the reservoir that you/they are produced by the precipitations, influence of the wind and most during the rain time. Special importance under the given conditions of the Reservoir of Deep Puddle is granted to the irradiation of the sun and the régime of light inside the production area with regard to the process of picture assimilation and to the development of algae. The mechanism of iron decomposition and manganese, as well as the form ammonium reductora and gas sulfhídrico, value of the ph, is deduced that the reservoir demonstrates a very high bio-production level. For that reason, in the hipolimnion that is to say, the area of more depth and in the bottom at least during the whole period of drought, to it is while the stratification of the reservoir exists, they dominate in the water, more under 5 mt processes anaerobios of rot that lead to a sensitive worsening of the quality of the water in the reservoir and they hinder the production of drinkable water considerably in the plant of current treatment and they generate at least temporarily, reductions of the quality of the drinkable water. The drinkable water as source of illnesses has been for thousands of years a topic of interest. The present work is about a problem of recent retention with relationship to this topic. The development of technical analytic more sensitive it has allowed to identify and to quantify a great quantity of compound organic in drinkable water, among those that he/she is the trihalometanos. These trihalometanos takes place during the disinfection process for reaction of the chlorine, ión bromide and ión I iodize with some compounds organic present in the waters called precursors generically. The opposing trihalometanos with more frequency is the chloroform (100%), the bromodiclorometano (97.5%), the dibromoclorometano (90%), and the bromoformo (31%). The work summarizes and it discusses the most important aspects in the problem with respect to the trihalometanos presence in drinkable water and the risks for the health. The topics treaties include: formation and detected levels, even permissible as a result of studies toxicológicos and epidemic, as well as an evaluation of the alternatives proposals to reach the permissible maximum levels settled down presently.
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PURIFICACIÓN DEL AGUA, CALIDAD DEL AGUA - CONTROL