Factores de riesgo de violencia intrafamiliar en el cantón Santa Elena y una propuesta de un programa de orientación familiar para mejorar la calidad de vida
Fecha
2017
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Universidad de Guayaquil. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Escuela de Graduados
Resumen
Antecedentes: La violencia familiar es el origen de muchas enfermedades
físicas y mentales, de frecuentes consul, hospitalizaciones y discapacidades de
trabajo temporal, así como de un alto consumo de medicamentos y otros servicios de
salud. En otras palabras, las consecuencias de la violencia doméstica pueden persistir
durante mucho tiempo después del acto de violencia y las repercusiones de los diversos
tipos y de los múltiples episodios de violencia son acumulativas.
Objetivo: Identificar los factores de riesgo de violencia intrafamiliar en la
Unidad Especializada en Violencia contra la Mujer y la Familia de Santa Elena durante
el periodo de enero a junio del 2016.
Metodología: Se empleó el enfoque cuantitativo para esclarecer la asociación
entre la variable independiente y dependiente. Se analizaron 87 personas con historia de
violencia intrafamiliar y se utilizó el programa SPSS versión 21 para la tabulación de
los datos, empleando estadística descriptiva e inferencial.
Resultados: Se reportó mayor cantidad de casos en el sexo femenino (76%)
que en el masculino (24%), con una mayor predilección en personas jóvenes
(adolescentes con el 20%% y adultos jóvenes con el 51%). El 17% de la muestra
evaluada tenía escasa escolaridad (2% analfabeta y 15% primaria) y el 71% de las
víctimas pertenecían a núcleos familiares de extrema pobreza con ingresos menores a
375 dólares. La mayor parte de las personas involucradas, refieren que el maltrato era
frecuente (el 83% indicó siempre) y en el 55% el maltrato provenía del cónyuge o
pareja, además de un 20% (17) que incluye la violencia hacia menores de edad. El tipo
de violencia más común entre otros familiares, fue los padres hacia sus hijos (60%),
seguida en menor proporción de violencia de hijos hacia padres (24%).
La violencia de tipo física (100%) y emocional (100%) estuvo presente en el
total de las víctimas por violencia intrafamiliar, aunque la violencia de tipo social se
presentó en el 95% del total. Dentro de la violencia de tipo física lo más común fue
reportar puñetazos y empujones en el 100% (87), mientras que las amenazas y los
insultos (100%) fueron los tipos de violencia emocional predominantes. Se reportaron 2
casos de violación sexual (8%), mientras que el impedimento de trabajar o laborar
(100%) fueron los tipos de violencia social más frecuentes.
Las principales consecuencias de la violencia dentro del núcleo familiar en el
presente estudio fueron la depresión, la cual estuvo presente en el total de participantes,
las ideas suicidas en el 37% (32), el ausentismo escolar y laboral en el 14% (12) y 10%
(9) respectivamente. Existieron 3 casos de perdida laborales como consecuencia directa
de la violencia familiar. Los principales factores de riesgo fueron el antecedente de
violencia familiar (98%), pertenecer a hogar disfuncional (93%), estrés (83%) y tener
baja autoestima (78%).
Conclusiones: Se encontró asociación estadísticamente significativa entre
violencia intrafamiliar y el antecedente de agresión familiar en la infancia (OR: 9,733
IC 95% 2,901-15,244), pertenecer a un hogar disfuncional (OR: 6,801 IC 95% 2,704
13,883), stress (OR: 3,115 IC 95% 2,937-10,005), baja escolaridad del cónyuge (OR:
2,755 IC 95% 2,066-8,653), celos (OR: 1,9 IC 95% 0,008-6,472), pobreza (OR: 4,880
IC 95% 2,564-8,641), falta de respeto (OR: 1,310 IC 95% 0,972-6,044), desempleo
(OR: 7,396 IC 95% 2,900-12,630), drogadicción del cónyuge (OR: 5,994 IC 95%
1,668-10,098) y alcoholismo (12,997 IC 95% 2,995-34,781) del cónyuge con un valor
p < 0,05. Además, se propone un programa de orientación familiar para mejorar su
calidad de vida
Background: Family violence is the origin of many physical and mental illnesses, frequent consultations, hospitalizations and disabilities of temporary work, as well as high consumption of medicines and other health services. In other words, the consequences of domestic violence may persist for a long time after the act of violence and the repercussions of various types and multiple episodes of violence are cumulative. Objective: To identify the risk factors of intrafamily violence in the Specialized Unit on Violence against Women and the Family of Santa Elena during the period from January to June of 2016. Methodology: The quantitative approach was used to clarify the association between the independent and dependent variable. We analyzed 87 individuals with a history of intrafamily violence and the SPSS version 21 program was used to tabulate the data, using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: More cases were reported in the female sex (76%) than in the male (24%), with a higher predilection in young people (adolescents with 20 %% and young adults with 51%). 17% of the sample evaluated had low schooling (2% illiterate and 15% primary) and 71% of the victims belonged to extremely poor families with incomes below 375 dollars. Most of the people involved reported that abuse was frequent (83% always indicated) and 55% of the abuse came from the spouse or partner, in addition to 20% (17) that includes violence towards minors. The most common type of violence among other relatives was the parents towards their children (60%), followed in a lower proportion of violence from children to parents (24%). Violence of physical type (100%) and emotional (100%) was present in all victims of domestic violence, although social violence was present in 95% of the total. Within physical violence, the most common was to report punching and pushing in 100% (87), while threats and insults (100%) were the predominant types of emotional violence. Two cases of rape were reported (8%), while the impediment of working or working (100%) were the most frequent types of social violence. The main consequences of violence within the family in the present study were depression, which was present in the total number of participants, the suicide idea in 37% (32), school absenteeism and work in 14% (12) And 10% (9) respectively. There were 3 cases of job loss as a direct consequence of family violence. The main risk factors were family violence (98%), dysfunctional household (93%), stress (83%) and low self-esteem (78%). Conclusions: We found a statistically significant association between domestic violence and the history of family aggression in childhood (OR: 9,733 CI 95% 2,901-15,244), belonging to a dysfunctional home (OR: 6,801 95% CI 2,704 13,883), stress OR: 3,115 CI 95% 2,937-10,005), low spousal schooling (OR: 2.755 95% CI 2.066-8.653), jealousy (OR: 1.9 95% CI 0.008-6.472), poverty (OR: 959 IC 95% 1.668 - 10.098), alcoholism (OR: 6.94 CI 95% 0.972-6.044), unemployment (OR: 7,396 CI 95% 2,900-12,630), spouse drug addiction 12,997 95% CI 2,995-34,781) of the spouse with a p-value <0.05. In addition, a family orientation program is proposed to improve their quality of life.
Background: Family violence is the origin of many physical and mental illnesses, frequent consultations, hospitalizations and disabilities of temporary work, as well as high consumption of medicines and other health services. In other words, the consequences of domestic violence may persist for a long time after the act of violence and the repercussions of various types and multiple episodes of violence are cumulative. Objective: To identify the risk factors of intrafamily violence in the Specialized Unit on Violence against Women and the Family of Santa Elena during the period from January to June of 2016. Methodology: The quantitative approach was used to clarify the association between the independent and dependent variable. We analyzed 87 individuals with a history of intrafamily violence and the SPSS version 21 program was used to tabulate the data, using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: More cases were reported in the female sex (76%) than in the male (24%), with a higher predilection in young people (adolescents with 20 %% and young adults with 51%). 17% of the sample evaluated had low schooling (2% illiterate and 15% primary) and 71% of the victims belonged to extremely poor families with incomes below 375 dollars. Most of the people involved reported that abuse was frequent (83% always indicated) and 55% of the abuse came from the spouse or partner, in addition to 20% (17) that includes violence towards minors. The most common type of violence among other relatives was the parents towards their children (60%), followed in a lower proportion of violence from children to parents (24%). Violence of physical type (100%) and emotional (100%) was present in all victims of domestic violence, although social violence was present in 95% of the total. Within physical violence, the most common was to report punching and pushing in 100% (87), while threats and insults (100%) were the predominant types of emotional violence. Two cases of rape were reported (8%), while the impediment of working or working (100%) were the most frequent types of social violence. The main consequences of violence within the family in the present study were depression, which was present in the total number of participants, the suicide idea in 37% (32), school absenteeism and work in 14% (12) And 10% (9) respectively. There were 3 cases of job loss as a direct consequence of family violence. The main risk factors were family violence (98%), dysfunctional household (93%), stress (83%) and low self-esteem (78%). Conclusions: We found a statistically significant association between domestic violence and the history of family aggression in childhood (OR: 9,733 CI 95% 2,901-15,244), belonging to a dysfunctional home (OR: 6,801 95% CI 2,704 13,883), stress OR: 3,115 CI 95% 2,937-10,005), low spousal schooling (OR: 2.755 95% CI 2.066-8.653), jealousy (OR: 1.9 95% CI 0.008-6.472), poverty (OR: 959 IC 95% 1.668 - 10.098), alcoholism (OR: 6.94 CI 95% 0.972-6.044), unemployment (OR: 7,396 CI 95% 2,900-12,630), spouse drug addiction 12,997 95% CI 2,995-34,781) of the spouse with a p-value <0.05. In addition, a family orientation program is proposed to improve their quality of life.
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VIOLENCIA DOMESTICA, FACTORES DE RIESGO, PLANES Y PROGRAMAS DE SALUD, CALIDAD DE VIDA, EPIDEMIOLOGIA DESCRIPTIVA, CANTON SANTA ELENA, ECUADOR, ORIENTACION FAMILAR