Fitotoxicidad del Cadmio sobre diferentes variedades de maíz en Ecuador
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2019
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Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad de Guayaquil
Resumen
El Cadmio es fitotóxico por ende genera en las plantas inhibición de la germinación y crecimiento, reduciendo la producción agrícola y en Ecuador se ha constatado contaminación por Cd en suelos agrícolas. Por ende, el objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar la fitotoxicidad de Cadmio sobre diferentes variedades de Zea mays con la finalidad de identificar las más tolerantes y si son idóneas para el cultivo en suelos contaminados con este metal en Ecuador. Se realizaron bioensayos exponiendo diferentes variedades de maíz (INIAP-101, INIAP-122, INIAP-151, INIAP-180, INIAP H-551, INIAP H-553) a diversas concentraciones de Cd (0, 0,25 0,5 1, 2, 4, 8mg/L) y se evaluó la tasa de germinación, la longitud de las radículas e hipocótilos, así como los índices de tolerancia y fitotoxicidad. Dando como resultado que el porcentaje de germinación no se vió afectado. Las variedades INIAP-101 e INIAP-151 presentaron un elevado grado de tolerancia al cadmio a bajas concentraciones 0,25 y 0,50 mg/L. La longitud de las radículas fué el parámetro más afectado por el cadmio a 2, 4 y 8 mg/L. El mayor porcentaje de inhibición de la radícula fue de 97% en INIAP-101 y de 79% en la menos afectada INIAP-151 a 8 mg/L. Cd. El índice integral de fototoxicidad mostró toxicidad a la concentración de 4 mg/L. Cd. de acuerdo al siguiente orden: INIAP-122(92%), INIAP-101(93%),INIAP H-551 (93%), INIAP-189 (78%), INIAP H-553 (79%) e INIAP-151 (44%), siendo la variedad más tolerante INIAP-151 y la menos tolerante INIAP-122. Se confirmó la hipótesis planteada debido a que existen variedades de maíz tolerantes al cadmio que pueden ser utilizadas en cultivos donde su suelo se encuentre contaminado con este metal en concentraciones biodisponibles menores a 2 mg/L Cd.
Cadmium is phytotoxic, so it generates germination and growth inhibition in plants, reducing agricultural production and in Ecuador, contamination by Cd has been found in agricultural soils. Therefore, the objective of this research was to determine the phytotoxicity of Cadmium on different varieties of Zea mays with the dtermination to identify the most tolerant and if they are suitable for cultivation in soils contaminated with this metal in Ecuador. Bioassays were perfomed exposing different varieties of corn (INIAP-101, INIAP-122, INIAP-151, INIAP-180, INIAP H-551, INIAP H-553) to various varieties of Cd (0, 0.25 0.5 1 , 2, 4, 8mg / L) and the germination rate, the length of the radicles and hypocotyls, as well as the tolerance and phytotoxicity indices were evaluated. Giving as a result, that the germination percentage was not affected. The varieties INIAP-101 and INIAP-151 have a high degree of tolerance to varieties presented a high degree of tolerance to cadmium at low variables 0.25 and 0.50 mg / L. The length of the radicles was the parameter most affected by cadmium at 2, 4 and 8 mg / L. The highest percentage of radicle inhibition was 97% in INIAP-101 and 79% in the least affected INIAP-151 at 8 mg / L. Cd. The integral c phytotoxicity index selected toxicity to the concentration of 4 mg / L. Cd according to the following order: INIAP-122 (92%), INIAP-101 (93%), INIAP H-551 (93%), INIAP-180 (78%), INIAP H-553 (79%) and INIAP-151 (44%), being the most tolerant variety INIAP-151 and the least tolerant INIAP-122. The hypothesis was confirmed because there are varieties of corn tolerant to cadmium that can be used in crops where their soil is contaminated with this metal in bioavailable concentrations below 2 mg / L Cd.
Cadmium is phytotoxic, so it generates germination and growth inhibition in plants, reducing agricultural production and in Ecuador, contamination by Cd has been found in agricultural soils. Therefore, the objective of this research was to determine the phytotoxicity of Cadmium on different varieties of Zea mays with the dtermination to identify the most tolerant and if they are suitable for cultivation in soils contaminated with this metal in Ecuador. Bioassays were perfomed exposing different varieties of corn (INIAP-101, INIAP-122, INIAP-151, INIAP-180, INIAP H-551, INIAP H-553) to various varieties of Cd (0, 0.25 0.5 1 , 2, 4, 8mg / L) and the germination rate, the length of the radicles and hypocotyls, as well as the tolerance and phytotoxicity indices were evaluated. Giving as a result, that the germination percentage was not affected. The varieties INIAP-101 and INIAP-151 have a high degree of tolerance to varieties presented a high degree of tolerance to cadmium at low variables 0.25 and 0.50 mg / L. The length of the radicles was the parameter most affected by cadmium at 2, 4 and 8 mg / L. The highest percentage of radicle inhibition was 97% in INIAP-101 and 79% in the least affected INIAP-151 at 8 mg / L. Cd. The integral c phytotoxicity index selected toxicity to the concentration of 4 mg / L. Cd according to the following order: INIAP-122 (92%), INIAP-101 (93%), INIAP H-551 (93%), INIAP-180 (78%), INIAP H-553 (79%) and INIAP-151 (44%), being the most tolerant variety INIAP-151 and the least tolerant INIAP-122. The hypothesis was confirmed because there are varieties of corn tolerant to cadmium that can be used in crops where their soil is contaminated with this metal in bioavailable concentrations below 2 mg / L Cd.
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Palabras clave
CADMIO, ÍNDICE INTEGEAL DE FITOTOXICIDAD, ÍNDICE DE TOLERANCIA, TOXICIDAD, ZEA MAYS