Factores de riesgo maternos y criterios que requieren cesárea de urgencia
Fecha
2020
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Universidad de Guayaquil. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Carrera de Medicina
Resumen
La cesárea de urgencia se define como aquella intervención que se da como consecuencia de una patología aguda y grave de la madre o del feto que implica un riesgo vital materno-fetal, por lo que es necesaria la finalización del embarazo rápidamente. El objetivo general del presente estudio es determinar los factores de riesgo maternos y criterios que requieren cesáreas de urgencia en Hospital Ginecológico Obstétrico Pediátrico Universitario de Guayaquil en el periodo julio 2018-julio 2020. La metodología aplicada es de enfoque cuantitativo, diseño no experimental, corte transversal, retrospectivo y observacional, empleando como herramienta la revisión de historias clínicas proporcionadas por la unidad hospitalaria, los datos fueron analizados, tabulados según las variables a estudiar y se realizó la comparación respectiva para posteriormente lograr la comprobación de la hipótesis formulada. Entre los resultados obtenidos se encontró que los tres principales factores de riesgos maternos asociados fueron: Hipertensión arterial crónica 21%, seguido de el antecedente de VIH con un 19% y obesidad con un 16%; mientras que entre los diagnósticos más frecuentes por los cuáles se realizó cesárea de urgencia se encontró la preeclampsia 25%, ruptura prematura de membrana 19%, síndrome de Hellp 12%, antecedentes de cicatriz uterina previa en 11%, oligohidramnios severo 10%, entre otras. Por ello, se concluye que es necesario intervenir de manera oportuna identificando precozmente los factores de riesgo a través de los controles prenatales, así, con ello reducir la necesidad de requerir cesáreas de urgencia y las complicaciones maternas y fetales asociadas a esta intervención.
The emergency C-section is defined as that intervention that occurs as a result of an acute and severe pathology of the mother or fetus that involves a maternal-fetal life risk, so the termination of the pregnancy is necessary quickly. The general objective of this study is to determine maternal risk factors and criteria that require emergency C-sections at Guayaquil University Pediatric Gynecological Obstetric Hospital in the period July 2018-July 2020. The methodology applied is of quantitative approach, non-experimental design, cross-sectional, retrospective and observational, using as a tool the review of medical records provided by the hospital unit, the data were analyzed, tabulated according to the variables to be studied and the respective comparison was made to subsequently achieve the verification of the hypothesis formulated. Among the results found that the three main associated maternal risk factors were: chronic high blood pressure with 21%, followed by the history of HIV with 19% and obesity with 16%; while among the most frequent diagnoses by which emergency C-section was performed was preeclampsia 25%, premature membrane rupture 19%, Hellp syndrome 12%, previous history of uterine scar at 11%, severe oligohydramnios 10%, among others. It is therefore concluded that it is necessary to intervene in a timely manner by identifying the risk factors early through prenatal controls, thus reducing the need for emergency C-sections and the maternal and fetal complications associated with this intervention.
The emergency C-section is defined as that intervention that occurs as a result of an acute and severe pathology of the mother or fetus that involves a maternal-fetal life risk, so the termination of the pregnancy is necessary quickly. The general objective of this study is to determine maternal risk factors and criteria that require emergency C-sections at Guayaquil University Pediatric Gynecological Obstetric Hospital in the period July 2018-July 2020. The methodology applied is of quantitative approach, non-experimental design, cross-sectional, retrospective and observational, using as a tool the review of medical records provided by the hospital unit, the data were analyzed, tabulated according to the variables to be studied and the respective comparison was made to subsequently achieve the verification of the hypothesis formulated. Among the results found that the three main associated maternal risk factors were: chronic high blood pressure with 21%, followed by the history of HIV with 19% and obesity with 16%; while among the most frequent diagnoses by which emergency C-section was performed was preeclampsia 25%, premature membrane rupture 19%, Hellp syndrome 12%, previous history of uterine scar at 11%, severe oligohydramnios 10%, among others. It is therefore concluded that it is necessary to intervene in a timely manner by identifying the risk factors early through prenatal controls, thus reducing the need for emergency C-sections and the maternal and fetal complications associated with this intervention.
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Palabras clave
EMBARAZO, CESARIA, FACTORES DE RIESGO, PREECLANSIA, SINDROME DE HELLP, HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO DE GUAYAQUIL, CANTON GUAYAQUIL, ECUADOR