Factores de riesgo y complicaciones de la diabetes mellitus tipo II
Fecha
2020
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Universidad de Guayaquil. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Carrera de Medicina
Resumen
La diabetes mellitus tipo II es una enfermedad crónica, no transmisible, que representa una de las principales causas de morbimortalidad a nivel mundial. Por su elevada prevalencia provoca una disminución en la calidad de vida no sólo de quien la padece, sino también de su familia; y también genera un gran gasto en el sector de salud pública. El objetivo de esta investigación es determinar cuáles son los factores de riesgo asociados a la diabetes y cuáles son las complicaciones más frecuentes, que se presentan en esta patología, en los pacientes atendidos en consulta externa y servicio de emergencia del Hospital General Martin Icaza, entre los años 2017-2020. Se realizó un estudio analítico, retrospectivo y de corte transversal con un universo de 10.000 pacientes, obteniendo una muestra de 370 pacientes, mediante los cuales se pudo sustraer los datos más relevantes para realizar la respectiva estadística de cada variable.
Se identifico como factor de riesgo, no modificable, más importante; el sexo, siendo predominante en mujeres 61% de los casos, en una edad >40 años, en el 95% del total de los casos. Los factores de riesgo modificables más frecuentes son: el peso, siendo el sobrepeso, el que se presenta en el 98% de los casos y la obesidad tipo I, en un 22% de los casos, y asociados a dislipidemias en un 42% del total de los casos. A estos factores de riesgo también se suman el número de consultas médicas con un 82% de pacientes, que acudían por primera vez, asociado a sedentarismo, mala alimentación y poco control farmacológico. La complicación que más afecta a esta población son las cardiovasculares periféricas, en un 57% de la población, seguida de la nefropatía diabética en un 4% y la neuropatía diabética en el 2%.
Se concluye que la suma de estos factores de riesgo en pacientes diabéticos genera mayores complicaciones a corto y largo plazo, disminuyendo la calidad de vida de los pacientes y aumentando la tasa de morbilidad y mortalidad de la población, por eso es muy importante generar una mejor educación sanitaria a aquella población, para disminuir la alta prevalencia que se presenta en estos últimos años a nivel mundial.
Type II diabetes mellitus is a chronic, non-communicable disease, that represents one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Due to its high prevalence, it causes a decrease in the quality of life, not only on those who suffer from it, but also on their family; and it also generates a large expense to the public health sector. The objective of this research is to determine which are the risk factors, associated to diabetes, and which are the most frequent complications, that occur in this pathology in patients seen during outpatient visits but also in the emergency service of the General Hospital Martin Icaza, between the years 2017 -2020. An analytical, retrospective and cross-sectional study was carried out with a universe of 10,000 patients, obtaining a sample of 370 patients, through which the most relevant data was subtracted to perform the respective statistics of each variable. Sex was identified as the most important non-modifiable risk factor, being predominant in women in 61% of the cases, in an age> 40 years in 95% of all cases. The most frequent modifiable risk factors is weight, being the overweight, the one that occurs in 98% of cases and type I obesity in 22% of the cases, and associated with dyslipidemia, in 42% of all the cases. These risk factors are also compounded by the number of medical consultations with 82% of patients attending for the first time, associated with a sedentary lifestyle, poor diet and poor pharmacological control. The complication that most affects this population is peripheral cardiovascular disease, in 57% of the population, followed by diabetic nephropathy in 4%, and diabetic neuropathy in 2%. It is concluded that the sum of these risk factors in diabetic patients generates greater complications in the short and long term, decreasing the quality of life in patients and increasing the morbidity and mortality rate of the population, which is why it is very important to generate a better education health care to that population to reduce the high prevalence that occurs in recent years worldwide.
Type II diabetes mellitus is a chronic, non-communicable disease, that represents one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Due to its high prevalence, it causes a decrease in the quality of life, not only on those who suffer from it, but also on their family; and it also generates a large expense to the public health sector. The objective of this research is to determine which are the risk factors, associated to diabetes, and which are the most frequent complications, that occur in this pathology in patients seen during outpatient visits but also in the emergency service of the General Hospital Martin Icaza, between the years 2017 -2020. An analytical, retrospective and cross-sectional study was carried out with a universe of 10,000 patients, obtaining a sample of 370 patients, through which the most relevant data was subtracted to perform the respective statistics of each variable. Sex was identified as the most important non-modifiable risk factor, being predominant in women in 61% of the cases, in an age> 40 years in 95% of all cases. The most frequent modifiable risk factors is weight, being the overweight, the one that occurs in 98% of cases and type I obesity in 22% of the cases, and associated with dyslipidemia, in 42% of all the cases. These risk factors are also compounded by the number of medical consultations with 82% of patients attending for the first time, associated with a sedentary lifestyle, poor diet and poor pharmacological control. The complication that most affects this population is peripheral cardiovascular disease, in 57% of the population, followed by diabetic nephropathy in 4%, and diabetic neuropathy in 2%. It is concluded that the sum of these risk factors in diabetic patients generates greater complications in the short and long term, decreasing the quality of life in patients and increasing the morbidity and mortality rate of the population, which is why it is very important to generate a better education health care to that population to reduce the high prevalence that occurs in recent years worldwide.
Descripción
Universidad de Guayaquil. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Carrera de Medicina
Palabras clave
Diabetes Mellitus tipo II, Factores de riesgo, Complicaciones, Indicadores de morbimortalidad, Hospital General Martín Icaza de Babahoyo, Cantón Babahoyo, Ecuador