Diseño y modelamiento del encauce de aguas lluvias en la microcuenca al Noroeste de la ciudad de Guayaquil y evaluación de soluciones para mitigar las inundaciones del sector cooperativa Trinidad de Dios
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2022-07
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Universidad de Guayaquil - Facultad de Ciencias Matemáticas y Físicas - Carrera de Ingeniería Civil
Resumen
La alta tasa de migración hacia la ciudad de Guayaquil en los últimos años ha ocasionado que un gran número de pobladores se asienten de manera desorganizada e irregular en el sector de la Cooperativa Trinidad de Dios al noroeste de la ciudad, demandando la necesidad de servicios básicos, que no ha sido oportunamente atendido ni adecuado por el incumplimiento del plan de desarrollo territorial.
Las intensas lluvias propias de la época invernal han influido directamente al incremento del problema social, ya que se han generado inundaciones por desbordamientos de los cauces naturales de la zona, cuyo drenaje de las aguas es lento causando un impidiendo de movilidad. La alta presencia de sedimentos y deterioro de las vías, que dificultan el ingreso de ambulancias, tanqueros proveedores de agua potable y transporte de víveres, han afectado la calidad de vida de las personas del sector. A esto, se suma el mal manejo de desperdicios y el estancamiento de las aguas que incrementan la proliferación de plagas y animales causantes de enfermedades, como ratas, moscas, cucarachas, y mosquitos.
El presente trabajo de investigación se desarrolló en el sector de Monte Sinaí sobre la microcuenca que contiene a la Cooperativa Trinidad de Dios, mediante (i) aplicación de herramientas matemáticas, a través de mapas de sistemas de información geográfica, (ii) caracterización de la microcuenca, (iii) análisis y estudios hidrológicos de precipitaciones, generando el modelamientos de sistemas fluviales, con el patrón de los drenajes, escorrentías, (iv) propuesta de medidas de mitigación a las afectaciones por fenómenos naturales tales como inundaciones, impacto ambiental por remoción de masa y los fenómenos antrópicos.
Se realizó el diseño, modelamiento y análisis del encauce de aguas lluvias que se efectúa sobre el canal “El Burro” comparando el cambio de superficie durante el paso del tiempo y su respectivo análisis hidrológico, verificando que la evolución temporal de asentamientos humanos se ha ubicado en zonas preferenciales de drenaje, ocasionando un caos en el ordenamiento territorial del sector. La parte alta de la microcuenca refleja una escorrentía alta, drenando superficialmente por las vías con tendencia directa de aportación hacia el canal, que inicia en la Cooperativa Trinidad de Dios, y atraviesa la zona poblada hasta la desembocadura comprendiendo también las Cooperativas Guayacanes, Monte Lindo y Monte Sinaí.
En los alrededores de la Subestación eléctrica se evidencia más asentamientos irregulares posterior a la legalización, que ocupan espacios en la zona de inundación y da inicio al canal natural, con un caudal que sobrepasa las dimensiones actuales reflejando un incremento de nivel. La propuesta de medidas de mitigación responde a la identificación de los factores que inciden en el mal drenaje, contempla mantener las dimensiones del canal existente, condiciones que deben ser considerados en el ordenamiento territorial para la preservación del canal actualmente azolvado y con obstrucciones. Se recomienda mejorar los cruces de vías con obras hidráulicas complementarias que permitan la libre conducción del agua hasta la desembocadura, además de un plan de mantenimiento, educación y comunicación acerca de las zonas seguras que permitan prever futuros riesgos y, sobre todo, la correcta utilización de la propuesta de mitigación.
The high rate of migration to the city of Guayaquil in recent years has caused a large number of residents to settle in a disorganized and irregular manner in the sector of the Trinidad de Dios Cooperative to the northwest of the city, demanding the need for basic services, which has not been timely or appropriately addressed due to non-compliance with the territorial development plan.The intense rains typical of the winter season have directly influenced the increase in the social problem, since floods have been generated due to overflows of the natural channels in the area, whose drainage of the water is slow, preventing mobility. The high presence of sediments and deterioration of the roads, which make it difficult for ambulances, tankers that provide drinking water and transport food to enter, have affected the quality of life of the people in the sector. Added to this is the poor management of waste and the stagnation of water that increase the proliferation of pests and animals that cause diseases, such as rats, flies, cockroaches, and mosquitoes. The present research work was developed in the Monte Sinaí sector on the micro-basin that contains the Trinidad de Dios Cooperative, through (i) application of mathematical tools, through maps of geographic information systems, (ii) characterization of the micro-basin, (iii) analysis and hydrological studies of precipitation, generating the modeling of river systems, with the pattern of drainage, runoff, (iv) proposal of mitigation measures to the effects of natural phenomena such as floods, environmental impact by removal of mass and anthropic phenomena. The design, modeling and analysis of the channeling of rainwater that is carried out on the channel "El Burro" was carried out, comparing the change of surface during the passage of time and its respective hydrological analysis, verifying that the temporal evolution of human settlements has been located in preferential drainage zones, causing chaos in the territorial ordering of the sector. The upper part of the micro-basin reflects a high runoff, draining superficially through the roads with a direct tendency to contribute towards the channel, which begins in the Trinidad de Dios Cooperative, and crosses the populated area to the mouth, also including the Guayacanes, Monte Lindo and Mount Sinai Cooperatives.In the surroundings of the electrical substation, there is evidence of more irregular settlements after legalization, which occupy spaces in the flood zone and start the natural channel, with a flow that exceeds the current dimensions, reflecting an increase in level. The proposal for mitigation measures responds to the identification of the factors that affect poor drainage, contemplates maintaining the dimensions of the existing channel, conditions that must be considered in the territorial ordering for the preservation of the channel that is currently covered in dust and with obstructions. It is recommended to improve the road crossings with complementary hydraulic works that allow the free conduction of water to the mouth, in addition to a maintenance, education and communication plan about safe areas that allow future risks to be foreseen and, above all, the correct use, of the mitigation proposal.
The high rate of migration to the city of Guayaquil in recent years has caused a large number of residents to settle in a disorganized and irregular manner in the sector of the Trinidad de Dios Cooperative to the northwest of the city, demanding the need for basic services, which has not been timely or appropriately addressed due to non-compliance with the territorial development plan.The intense rains typical of the winter season have directly influenced the increase in the social problem, since floods have been generated due to overflows of the natural channels in the area, whose drainage of the water is slow, preventing mobility. The high presence of sediments and deterioration of the roads, which make it difficult for ambulances, tankers that provide drinking water and transport food to enter, have affected the quality of life of the people in the sector. Added to this is the poor management of waste and the stagnation of water that increase the proliferation of pests and animals that cause diseases, such as rats, flies, cockroaches, and mosquitoes. The present research work was developed in the Monte Sinaí sector on the micro-basin that contains the Trinidad de Dios Cooperative, through (i) application of mathematical tools, through maps of geographic information systems, (ii) characterization of the micro-basin, (iii) analysis and hydrological studies of precipitation, generating the modeling of river systems, with the pattern of drainage, runoff, (iv) proposal of mitigation measures to the effects of natural phenomena such as floods, environmental impact by removal of mass and anthropic phenomena. The design, modeling and analysis of the channeling of rainwater that is carried out on the channel "El Burro" was carried out, comparing the change of surface during the passage of time and its respective hydrological analysis, verifying that the temporal evolution of human settlements has been located in preferential drainage zones, causing chaos in the territorial ordering of the sector. The upper part of the micro-basin reflects a high runoff, draining superficially through the roads with a direct tendency to contribute towards the channel, which begins in the Trinidad de Dios Cooperative, and crosses the populated area to the mouth, also including the Guayacanes, Monte Lindo and Mount Sinai Cooperatives.In the surroundings of the electrical substation, there is evidence of more irregular settlements after legalization, which occupy spaces in the flood zone and start the natural channel, with a flow that exceeds the current dimensions, reflecting an increase in level. The proposal for mitigation measures responds to the identification of the factors that affect poor drainage, contemplates maintaining the dimensions of the existing channel, conditions that must be considered in the territorial ordering for the preservation of the channel that is currently covered in dust and with obstructions. It is recommended to improve the road crossings with complementary hydraulic works that allow the free conduction of water to the mouth, in addition to a maintenance, education and communication plan about safe areas that allow future risks to be foreseen and, above all, the correct use, of the mitigation proposal.
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MIGRACIÓN, CUENCA HIDROGRÁFICA, CANAL NATURAL, SIMULACIÓN, TERRITORIAL, RIESGO
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