Valoración cualitativa del proyecto de factibiblidad para implementar un centro de producción y mercadeo de bioplaguicidas, cantón Loja.
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2009-11
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Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias Universidad de Guayaquil
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Con la finalidad de proporcionar una alternativa al agricultor sobre el uso y manejo indiscriminado de plaguicidas químicos para combatir las plagas que atacan a los cultivos, se implementó la producción de biopesticidas (Beauveria bassiana y Trichoderma harzianum) en el laboratorio de la Agencia Ecuatoriana de Aseguramiento de la Calidad del Agro “Agrocalidad”, ubicado en la ciudad de Loja. El trabajo se lo realizó en dos fases. En la primera se aplicó el tipo de investigación no experimental, utilizando el diseño transversal descriptivo en 4 cantones de la provincia de Loja, para lo cual la muestra correspondió a 298 encuestas con un nivel de confianza del 95% dirigidas a los agricultores dedicados a los cultivos de tomate riñón, pimiento, arroz y cebolla. La muestra representativa para cada cantón correspondió 36 para Loja; 70 para Catamayo; 132 para Macará y 60 para Zapotillo. Esta información se la utilizó para determinar la tendencia de aceptación de los organismos biológicos. En la segunda fase se elaboró y ejecutó un plan de producción de organismos biológicos que incluyeron las siguientes fases: Recolección, aislamiento, identificación, siembra, cultivo y empaque. El volumen de producción de los biopesticidas fue de 2400 unidades mensuales para los dos organismos, con tasas de contaminación de 6,8% para Beauveria bassiana y 3,8% para Trichoderma harzianum durante el período de enero a marzo del 2008; y en el período de mayo-agosto del mismo año, registró una disminución de la contaminación de 2,06 y 1,77% para Beauveria bassiana y Trichoderma harzianum repectivamente. Para la producción de estos biopesticidas, se utilizaron botellas de vidrio aplanadas de boca angosta y transparentes de 375 ml de capacidad, donde se colocaron 50 gr. de arroz y 50 ml de agua destilada. El desarrollo de estos cultivos se realizó en 15 días a 25º C. siendo luego colocadas en la parte baja de la refrigeradora y conservadas a 4º C. la determinación de la concentración de esporas se la realizó utilizando la cámara de Neubauer registrando para Beauveria bassiana e/ml 2,5 X 10⁸ y para Trichoderma harzianum e/ml 2,3 X 108 Para la determinación del costo de las unidades (botella de 50 g.), se consideró el valor del substrato y materiales empleados, estudios de planificación, costos de producción, costos administrativos, costos de publicidad, gastos por tasas, impuestos, cursos, demostraciones y un porcentaje de imprevistos del 2% del costo de producción para la resolución de contingencias, obteniéndose un costo de $ 2,79 para cada unidad. Del
análisis financiero se desprende los siguientes indicadores: Utilidad neta sobre ventas de $ 11.648,27; rentabilidad de 1,46; Valor Actual Neto de $ 93.145,38 y TIR de 12,6%.
La Normativa para la producción y registro de estos pesticidas biológicos, están amparados en la Ley 73 para formulación, fabricación, importación y empleo de plaguicidas y productos afines de uso agrícola, según el Registro Oficial No 412 del 22 de mayo de 1990.
With the purpose of providing an alternative to the farmer on the use and indiscriminate handling of chemical pesticides to combat the pests that attack to the cultivations, the biopesticides production was implemented (Beauveria bassiana and Trichoderma harzianum) in the laboratory of the Ecuadorian Agency of Insurance of the Quality of the Agriculture "Agrocalidad", located in the city of Loja. The work was carried out it in two phases. In the first one the type of non experimental investigation was applied, using the descriptive traverse design in 4 cantons of the county of Loja, for that which the sample corresponded to 298 surveys with a level of trust of 95% directed to the farmers dedicated to the cultivations of tomato kidney, pepper, rice and onion. The representative sample for each canton corresponded 36 for Loja; 70 for Catamayo; 132 for Macará, and 60 for Zapotillo. This information used it to him to determine the tendency of acceptance of the biological organisms. In the second phase it was elaborated and it executed a plan of production of biological organisms that you/they included the following phases: Gathering, isolation, identification, sowing cultivation and packing. The volume of production of the biopesticidas was of 2400 monthly units for the two organisms, with rates of contamination of 6,8% for Beauveria bassiana and 3,8% for Trichoderma harzianum during the period of January to March of the 2008; and in the period of May-August of the same year, it registered a decrease of the contamination of 2,06 and 1,77% for Beauveria bassiana and Trichoderma harzianum repectivamente. For the production of these biopesticides, smoothed glass bottles of narrow mouth were used and reveal of 375 ml of capacity, where 50 g. was placed. of rice and 50 ml of distilled water. Was the development of these cultivations carried out then in 15 days to 25º C. being put placed in the low part of the icebox and conserved 4º C. the determination of the concentration of spores he/she was carried out it using the camera of Neubauer registering for Beauveria bassiana e/ml 2,5 X 10⁸ and Trichoderma harzianum e/ml stops 2,3 X 10⁸ For the determination of the cost of the units (bottle of 50 g.), it was considered the value of the substrate and materials employees, studies of planificatión, production costs, administrative costs, costs of publicity, expenses for rates, taxes, courses, demonstrations and a percentage of accidental of 2% of the production cost for the resolution of contingencies, being obtained a cost of $2,79 for each unit. Of the financial analysis he/she comes off the following indicators: Net utility on sales of $11.648,27; profitability of 1,46; Net Current Value of $93.145,38 and TIR of 12,6%. The Normative one for the production and registration of these biological pesticides, they are aided in the Law 73 for formulation, production, import and pesticides employment and products tune of agricultural use, according to the Official Registration Not 412 of May 22 1990.
With the purpose of providing an alternative to the farmer on the use and indiscriminate handling of chemical pesticides to combat the pests that attack to the cultivations, the biopesticides production was implemented (Beauveria bassiana and Trichoderma harzianum) in the laboratory of the Ecuadorian Agency of Insurance of the Quality of the Agriculture "Agrocalidad", located in the city of Loja. The work was carried out it in two phases. In the first one the type of non experimental investigation was applied, using the descriptive traverse design in 4 cantons of the county of Loja, for that which the sample corresponded to 298 surveys with a level of trust of 95% directed to the farmers dedicated to the cultivations of tomato kidney, pepper, rice and onion. The representative sample for each canton corresponded 36 for Loja; 70 for Catamayo; 132 for Macará, and 60 for Zapotillo. This information used it to him to determine the tendency of acceptance of the biological organisms. In the second phase it was elaborated and it executed a plan of production of biological organisms that you/they included the following phases: Gathering, isolation, identification, sowing cultivation and packing. The volume of production of the biopesticidas was of 2400 monthly units for the two organisms, with rates of contamination of 6,8% for Beauveria bassiana and 3,8% for Trichoderma harzianum during the period of January to March of the 2008; and in the period of May-August of the same year, it registered a decrease of the contamination of 2,06 and 1,77% for Beauveria bassiana and Trichoderma harzianum repectivamente. For the production of these biopesticides, smoothed glass bottles of narrow mouth were used and reveal of 375 ml of capacity, where 50 g. was placed. of rice and 50 ml of distilled water. Was the development of these cultivations carried out then in 15 days to 25º C. being put placed in the low part of the icebox and conserved 4º C. the determination of the concentration of spores he/she was carried out it using the camera of Neubauer registering for Beauveria bassiana e/ml 2,5 X 10⁸ and Trichoderma harzianum e/ml stops 2,3 X 10⁸ For the determination of the cost of the units (bottle of 50 g.), it was considered the value of the substrate and materials employees, studies of planificatión, production costs, administrative costs, costs of publicity, expenses for rates, taxes, courses, demonstrations and a percentage of accidental of 2% of the production cost for the resolution of contingencies, being obtained a cost of $2,79 for each unit. Of the financial analysis he/she comes off the following indicators: Net utility on sales of $11.648,27; profitability of 1,46; Net Current Value of $93.145,38 and TIR of 12,6%. The Normative one for the production and registration of these biological pesticides, they are aided in the Law 73 for formulation, production, import and pesticides employment and products tune of agricultural use, according to the Official Registration Not 412 of May 22 1990.
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ORGANISMOS ENTOMOPATOGENOS, ANTAGONICOS, BIOPESTICIDAS, BIOLOGICOS
Citación
Tandazo Román, Armando (2009): Valoración cualitativa del proyecto de factibilidad para implementar un centro de producción y mercadeo de bioplaguicidas, cantón Loja.