Evaluación de los impactos al recurso agua derivados de la operación de una central termoeléctrica “Termogas Machala”
Fecha
2017
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Facultad de Ciencias Naturales. Universidad de Guayaquil
Resumen
Una de las principales formas de energía es la electricidad, la cual se consume en el mundo y constituye parte integral de los seres humanos. Sin embargo, lo que enmarca a esta actividad provoca contaminación del aire y el agua. La empresa Termoeléctrica Termogas Machala ha recibido quejas de ser una posible fuente de contaminación del agua de la playa de Bajo Alto, parroquia Tendales, Provincia de El Oro. Esta investigación se desarrolló desde el 2012 al 2015. Con la finalidad de evaluar los impactos al recurso agua derivados de la operación de la Central Termoeléctrica se determinaron i) los parámetros físico-químicos del agua de descarga: Temperatura, pH, Demanda Química de Oxígeno (DQO), Sólidos Suspendidos Totales (SST), ii) la concentración de contaminantes químicos: Hidrocarburos Totales de Petróleo (HTP), Aceites y Grasas (AyG), Metales Pesados, Sulfuros y Fenoles, y iii) contaminantes biológicos: Coliformes Totales (CT) y Fecales (CF), para compararlos con los Límites Máximos Permisibles de descarga desde centrales termoeléctricas (2007) y las normas generales para descarga de aguas residuales domésticas e industriales TULSMA (2015) y evidenciar si existe contaminación por parte de la Termoeléctrica al cuerpo receptor de agua marina. En las aguas de descarga, los parámetros físico-químicos se encontraron dentro de los límites permisibles, al igual que los contaminantes químicos. No se detectaron metales pesados, Cu, Cr+6, Pb ni Zn. Se observó contaminación de tipo biológica por Coliformes Fecales en el año 2015 donde se registraron valores máximos en el Límite Máximo Permisible de 2000 NMP/100 mL. Finalmente se realizó un análisis de componentes principales y una correlación de Pearson donde se observó correlación entre HTP y AyG (r=0,673; p=0,000); CT y CF (r=0,885; p=0,000) y SST vs DQO (r=0,791; p=0,000). Se concluye que la contaminación química como biológica del sector procede de fuentes externas a este proceso industrial de generación eléctrica.
One of the main forms of energy is electricity, which is consumed in the world and is an integral part of human beings. However, what part to this activity causes pollution of air and water. The thermoelectric company Termogas Machala has received complaints of being a possible source of water pollution from the beach of Bajo Alto, parish Tendales, El Oro Province. This research was conducted from 2012 to 2015. With the purpose of evaluating the impacts to water resources derived from the operation of the thermoelectric power plant were determined (i) the physical and chemical parameters of the water of download: Temperature, pH, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), (ii) the concentration of chemical contaminants: Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH), Oils and Fats (O&F), Heavy Metals, Sulphides and Phenols, and (iii) biological contaminants: Total Coliforms (CT) and Fecal Coliforms (CF), in order to compare them with the maximum permissible limits of download from thermoelectric plants (2007) and the general standards for wastewater discharge of domestic and industrial TULSMA (2015), and evidence if there is contamination by the thermoelectric plant to the body receiver marine water. In the waters of download, the physical and chemical parameters were within the permissible limits, as well as the chemical contaminants. Heavy metals were not detected, Cu, Cr 6, Pb or Zn. It was noted contamination of biological type for Fecal Coliforms in the year 2015 where maximum values were recorded in the maximum permissible limit of 2000 NMP/100 mL. Was finally carried out an analysis of principal components and a Pearson correlation where correlation was observed between TPH and O&F (r=0,673; p=0.000); TC and FC (r=0.885; p=0.000) and TSS vs COD (r=0,791; p=0.000). It is concluded that the chemical pollution as biological the sector comes from external sources to this industrial process of electricity generation.
One of the main forms of energy is electricity, which is consumed in the world and is an integral part of human beings. However, what part to this activity causes pollution of air and water. The thermoelectric company Termogas Machala has received complaints of being a possible source of water pollution from the beach of Bajo Alto, parish Tendales, El Oro Province. This research was conducted from 2012 to 2015. With the purpose of evaluating the impacts to water resources derived from the operation of the thermoelectric power plant were determined (i) the physical and chemical parameters of the water of download: Temperature, pH, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), (ii) the concentration of chemical contaminants: Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH), Oils and Fats (O&F), Heavy Metals, Sulphides and Phenols, and (iii) biological contaminants: Total Coliforms (CT) and Fecal Coliforms (CF), in order to compare them with the maximum permissible limits of download from thermoelectric plants (2007) and the general standards for wastewater discharge of domestic and industrial TULSMA (2015), and evidence if there is contamination by the thermoelectric plant to the body receiver marine water. In the waters of download, the physical and chemical parameters were within the permissible limits, as well as the chemical contaminants. Heavy metals were not detected, Cu, Cr 6, Pb or Zn. It was noted contamination of biological type for Fecal Coliforms in the year 2015 where maximum values were recorded in the maximum permissible limit of 2000 NMP/100 mL. Was finally carried out an analysis of principal components and a Pearson correlation where correlation was observed between TPH and O&F (r=0,673; p=0.000); TC and FC (r=0.885; p=0.000) and TSS vs COD (r=0,791; p=0.000). It is concluded that the chemical pollution as biological the sector comes from external sources to this industrial process of electricity generation.
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Palabras clave
COLIFORMES FECALES, CONTAMINANTES QUIMICOS, CONTAMINANTES BIOLÓGICOS