Aislamiento de compuestos con actividad antibacteriana de microhongos terrestres antárticos
Fecha
2015
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Universidad de Guayaquil. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Escuela de Graduados
Resumen
La necesidad de encontrar nuevos compuestos antimicrobianos surge ante el alarmante incremento de bacterias multirresistentes a los antibióticos. Una fuente importante de nuevos compuestos antibacterianos la constituye los microorganismos que habitan en lugares inhóspitos o de ambientes extremos, evolucionando adaptaciones fisiológicas que les permiten sobrevivir dichos ambientes y competir por sus limitados nutrientes. Algunos de esto microorganismos como los micromicetos han demostrado tener actividad antimicrobiana. El continente Antártico representa uno de estos ambientes extremos con bajas temperaturas, fuertes vientos, limitación de nutrientes y alta sequedad. En investigaciones previas del Laboratorio de Biomedicina de la ESPOL se ha logrado aislar microhongos terrestres de la Antártida, con capacidad de inhibir el crecimiento de bacterias multirresistentes a antibióticos, obtenidas de hospitales de Guayaquil. Este hallazgo tiene un importante impacto en salud pública ya que puede constituir una potencial fuente de nuevos compuesto antibacterianos para uso humano. En la presente investigación se estableció un protocolo para la extracción y aislamiento de compuestos antibacterianos de microhongos terrestres, recolectados en la Antártida, y se logró identificar los compuestos volátiles presentes en la muestra por medio de la técnica de cromatografía de gases acoplada a un espectómetro de masas. Se logró identificar 16 moléculas del Cryptococcus gilvescens y 11 moléculas del Pseudogymnoascus pannorum.
Palabras claves: microhongos antárticos terrestres; antimicrobianos; metabolitos secundarios.
The need for new antimicrobial compounds arises from the alarming increase of multiresistant bacteria to antibiotics. A major source of new antibacterial compounds constitutes the microorganisms that live in inhospitable places or extreme environments, which evolved physiological adaptations that allow them to survive these environments and compete for limited nutrients. Some of these microorganisms, such as microfungi have demonstrated antimicrobial activity. The Antarctic continent is one of these extreme environments with low temperatures, strong winds, nutrient limitation and high dryness. In previous research the Biomedicine Laboratory of ESPOL has isolated microfungi from Antarctic soil, capable of inhibiting the growth of bacteria resistant to antibiotics obtained from hospitals in Guayaquil. This finding has a significant impact on public health and can be a potential source of new antibacterial compound for human use. In this research a protocol for the extraction and isolation of antibacterial compounds from terrestrial microfungi, collected in Antarctica was established, and volatile compounds were identified in the sample by means of the technique of gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer. It was possible to identify 16 molecules from the Cryptococcus gilvescens and 11 molecules from the Pseudogymnoascus pannorum.
The need for new antimicrobial compounds arises from the alarming increase of multiresistant bacteria to antibiotics. A major source of new antibacterial compounds constitutes the microorganisms that live in inhospitable places or extreme environments, which evolved physiological adaptations that allow them to survive these environments and compete for limited nutrients. Some of these microorganisms, such as microfungi have demonstrated antimicrobial activity. The Antarctic continent is one of these extreme environments with low temperatures, strong winds, nutrient limitation and high dryness. In previous research the Biomedicine Laboratory of ESPOL has isolated microfungi from Antarctic soil, capable of inhibiting the growth of bacteria resistant to antibiotics obtained from hospitals in Guayaquil. This finding has a significant impact on public health and can be a potential source of new antibacterial compound for human use. In this research a protocol for the extraction and isolation of antibacterial compounds from terrestrial microfungi, collected in Antarctica was established, and volatile compounds were identified in the sample by means of the technique of gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer. It was possible to identify 16 molecules from the Cryptococcus gilvescens and 11 molecules from the Pseudogymnoascus pannorum.
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Antiinfecciosos, Metabolito secundario, Microhongos terrestres antárticos, Escuela Politécnica del Litoral. Laboratorio de Biomedicina, Cantón Guayaquil, Ecuador, Microbiología