Análisis comparativo de técnicas de Diagnóstico de Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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2006
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La tuberculosis es una enfermedad antiquísima, descrita por Villemin en 1865, pero fué Koch, en 1882 quien aisló el organismo causante de esta enfermedad, alojándose el bacilo principalmente en los pulmones.
Cada año se reportan alrededor de ocho millones de personas como nuevos casos de infección con Mycobacterium tuberculosis., con una mortalidad estimada de tres millones de personas, en el mundo. En el Ecuador, para el año 2004 hubo un total de 4,053 reportados hospitalarios por tuberculosis, de los cuales fallecieron 763.
Esta enfermedad constituye un problema de salud pública, por eso es importante implementar técnicas que permitan una detección rápida y eficaz de la bacteria.
Este trabajo abarca un total de 40 muestras de esputo, analizadas por cuatro técnicas de diagnóstico: Tinción de Ziehl - Neelsen, Medios de cultivo, PCR - Elisa, y PCR en tiempo real.
Comparando los resultados obtenidos por las cuatro técnicas, se determinó que no existe una diferencia estadística en el momento de utilizar alguna de ellas. Sin embargo la sensibilidad y especificidad varía de una técnica a otra, comparándolas con la técnica estándar selectiva de los medios de cultivo.
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Determinando que a pesar de que las técnicas moleculares son más rápidas, no se debe descartar en ningún momento el análisis por el medio de cultivo para el diagnóstico de la enfermedad.
Tuberculosis is an old illness described by Villemin in 1865; but Koch in 1882, isolated the organism that cause this disease. The rod-shaped bacterium is mainly lodged in the lungs. Eight millions people have been reported with new cases of tuberculosis infection, every other year. The mortality is estimated over three millions people in the world. In Ecuador, this disease affected 4,053 people and about 763 people died in 2004. This illness constitutes a public health problem; the diagnosis of the disease requires different techniques that allow effective and fast detection of the bacterium, Mycobaterium tuberculosis. This research includes samples and the analysis of 40 sputums that were analyzed by four diagnostic techniques: Ziehl – Neelsen stain, cultures, PCR - Elisa, and Real Time PCR. The four techniques were compared and it was found that there are not statistics differences; nevertheless the sensitivity of the protocols varies from one technique to the other. The sensitivity and selectivity of the changes in the different techniques were compared with those of the selective technique of culture media. However molecular techniques are fast and reliable, but the culture technique for the diagnosis of that illness is highly recommended.
Tuberculosis is an old illness described by Villemin in 1865; but Koch in 1882, isolated the organism that cause this disease. The rod-shaped bacterium is mainly lodged in the lungs. Eight millions people have been reported with new cases of tuberculosis infection, every other year. The mortality is estimated over three millions people in the world. In Ecuador, this disease affected 4,053 people and about 763 people died in 2004. This illness constitutes a public health problem; the diagnosis of the disease requires different techniques that allow effective and fast detection of the bacterium, Mycobaterium tuberculosis. This research includes samples and the analysis of 40 sputums that were analyzed by four diagnostic techniques: Ziehl – Neelsen stain, cultures, PCR - Elisa, and Real Time PCR. The four techniques were compared and it was found that there are not statistics differences; nevertheless the sensitivity of the protocols varies from one technique to the other. The sensitivity and selectivity of the changes in the different techniques were compared with those of the selective technique of culture media. However molecular techniques are fast and reliable, but the culture technique for the diagnosis of that illness is highly recommended.