Erosión del suelo por fertilizantes de la agricultura convencional, efecto en el cultivo de maíz versus bosque primario en Jauneche
Fecha
2016
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Facultad de Ciencias Naturales. Universidad de Guayaquil
Resumen
El Recinto Jauneche, Cantón Palenque, Provincia de Los Ríos, en sus inicios en la explotación agrícola por la década de los cincuenta, se exportaba la balsa y el cacao. Luego aparecieron las enfermedades del cacao, desbastando el cultivo. Los agricultores se dedicaron al cultivo de maíz con el paquete tecnológico de la agricultura convencional, sin los debidos conocimientos técnicos en la aplicación de los fertilizantes y pesticidas. El objetivo de la tesis es determinar los impactos de erosión del suelo en la zona agrícola de Jauneche cantón Palenque, en el cultivo de maíz versus bosque primario en el mismo sector. Se seleccionaron 50 Ha, correspondientes a dos fincas alrededor del bosque protegido Jauneche, se colectaron tres muestras de suelo por cada finca y bosque primario, llevándose las respectivas muestras para La Estación Experimental del Litoral Sur Dr. Enrique Ampuero Pareja, del INIAP, para las determinaciones de los nutrientes y minerales del suelo, el método Colorimétrico utilizado para el N en forma de Amonio, Fósforo, Boro. El Turbidimétrico para el Azufre, para el resto de cationes Absorción Atómica. Los valores encontrados para el Nitrógeno en forma de amonio entre 20 y 30 μg-/mL siendo valores medios, para el fósforo valores entre 6 y 15 μg/mL, bajos, el Azufre valores entre 5 y 8 μg/mL, bajos, para el Boro valores entre 0.06 y 0.16μg/mL, bajos, Materia Orgánica entre 2.51 y 4.10 % medios. Al hacer la comparación con el análisis de suelo de las laderas del bosque, suelo primario, observamos que para el Nitrógeno en forma de Amonio, para el Fósforo, Azufre se encontró valores de medios a valores altos, para la Materia Orgánica tiene valores medios, debido a la escorrentía en cuanto al Boro, valores bajos. Mediante el análisis de los minerales se concluye que: se identificó los problemas de erosión en el suelo por la pérdida de nutrientes y M.O. De acuerdo a estos promedios los minerales (nutrientes) tienen un valor de 178,35 y los minerales (nutrientes) del bosque tienen un valor de 238,22. Los valores de los macro y micro elementos expuestos de acuerdo al análisis, no son los permisibles para una buena producción agrícola, lo que está llevando con el tiempo a la erosión del suelo, por la falta de conocimientos técnicos en la correcta aplicación de los fertilizantes.
Since the Jauneche’ land agricultural beginning. Part of the Palenque Canton in Los Rios province in the 50s, it exported balsa trees and cocoa. Then, the cocoa illnesses appeared and scabbled the cultures. The farmers dedicated themselves to the corn crop with the technological package of the conventional farming, it means without technical knowledge in the fertilizers and pesticides application. The thesis’ aim is to determine the soil erosion impacts in the Jauneche agricultural zone of the Palenque canton, at the corn crop versus the primary forest of the same area. Fifty hectares of two ranches around the forest, were selected, three samples for each ranch and primary forest were taken to the South Litoral Experimental Station Dr. Enrique Ampuero Pareja, a member of INIAP, in order to determine the soil nutrients and minerals, the Colorimetric method used for the n in the Ammonium, Phosphorus and Boron form. The Turbidimetric method was for the Sulphur and for the rest of cations, Atomic Absorption. The amounts founded for the Nitrogen in the Ammonium form were between 20 and 30 μg-mL, average numbers, to the Phosphorus amounts between 6 and 15 μg-mL, low number, to the Sulphur amounts between 5 and 8 μg-mL, low, to the Boron between 0.06 and 0.12 μg-mL, low, and for the Organic Matter between 2.51 and 4.10 %, average. Compared to the soil analysis of the hillsides of the forest, primary soil, the nitrogen in the Ammonium form, was founded, also, for the Sulphur and Phosphorus, were found from average to high amounts, to the Organic Matter, average amounts therefore the runoff. However, Boron had low amounts. Through minerals analysis, we accomplished: to identify the soil erosion problems due to the nutrients and Organic Matter loss. According to the averages, minerals (nutrients) have a value of 178,35 and the forest minerals (nutrients) have a value of 238,22. The macro and microelements exposed, according to the analysis, aren’t allowed to agricultural production; they will lead, in time, to soil erosion because of the lack of technical knowledge in the application of the fertilizers.
Since the Jauneche’ land agricultural beginning. Part of the Palenque Canton in Los Rios province in the 50s, it exported balsa trees and cocoa. Then, the cocoa illnesses appeared and scabbled the cultures. The farmers dedicated themselves to the corn crop with the technological package of the conventional farming, it means without technical knowledge in the fertilizers and pesticides application. The thesis’ aim is to determine the soil erosion impacts in the Jauneche agricultural zone of the Palenque canton, at the corn crop versus the primary forest of the same area. Fifty hectares of two ranches around the forest, were selected, three samples for each ranch and primary forest were taken to the South Litoral Experimental Station Dr. Enrique Ampuero Pareja, a member of INIAP, in order to determine the soil nutrients and minerals, the Colorimetric method used for the n in the Ammonium, Phosphorus and Boron form. The Turbidimetric method was for the Sulphur and for the rest of cations, Atomic Absorption. The amounts founded for the Nitrogen in the Ammonium form were between 20 and 30 μg-mL, average numbers, to the Phosphorus amounts between 6 and 15 μg-mL, low number, to the Sulphur amounts between 5 and 8 μg-mL, low, to the Boron between 0.06 and 0.12 μg-mL, low, and for the Organic Matter between 2.51 and 4.10 %, average. Compared to the soil analysis of the hillsides of the forest, primary soil, the nitrogen in the Ammonium form, was founded, also, for the Sulphur and Phosphorus, were found from average to high amounts, to the Organic Matter, average amounts therefore the runoff. However, Boron had low amounts. Through minerals analysis, we accomplished: to identify the soil erosion problems due to the nutrients and Organic Matter loss. According to the averages, minerals (nutrients) have a value of 178,35 and the forest minerals (nutrients) have a value of 238,22. The macro and microelements exposed, according to the analysis, aren’t allowed to agricultural production; they will lead, in time, to soil erosion because of the lack of technical knowledge in the application of the fertilizers.
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COLORIMÉTRICO, CATIONES, ESCORRENTIA, EROSIÓN