Caracterización geológica y geofísica del subsuelo para la construcción de una obra civil a orillas del Río Guayas en el Cantón Durán
Fecha
2017
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Facultad de Ciencias Naturales. Universidad de Guayaquil
Resumen
En la actualidad toman gran importancia los estudios de suelo realizados
para la elaboración de una caracterización geológica - geotécnica en sitio para el
diseño de una estructura, de esta manera se definen características físicas y
mecánicas del suelo sobre el cual se asentará una construcción. Información muy
necesaria para determinar el comportamiento del suelo en función del esfuerzo
trasmitido por la carga aplicada por parte de la estructura. Para llevar a cabo ésto se aplica métodos de exploración directos e
indirectos, los cuales permiten identificar los geomateriales presentes en el área
de estudio. Contando con los recursos y equipos necesarios, se puede realizar
ensayos de suelo tales como perforación con recuperación de muestras y
geofísicos con los cuales se obtiene información necesaria para definir
características y composición del suelo. Basándose en normas internacionales
establecidas para llevar a cabo cada tipo de ensayo, se garantiza la calidad de
obtención de datos que serán analizados al momento de proponer alternativas
ingenieriles para el diseño de la obra. Los métodos de exploración directos utilizados en el estudio de suelo,
fueron de perforación a percusión de los cuales se aplicaron dos tipos ensayos:
ensayo de penetración estándar (Spt) y ensayo de penetración por cono (Cptu).
Tomando en consideración para la recuperación de muestras y posterior análisis
en laboratorio se las obtuvieron en el ensayo de Spt. Por otra parte los métodos indirectos hacen referencia a métodos geofísicos de exploración, para este estudio fue necesaria la aplicación de métodos sísmicos los cuales son; Análisis Multicanal de Ondas Superficiales (MASW) y Análisis multi-canales de Refracción de Microtremores (MAM). Para la realización de este proyecto se utilizó información obtenida en campo, la misma que fue recopilada gracias a perforaciones y ensayos de
sísmica, estos datos corresponden a 12 perforaciones por ensayos de SPT y 7 ensayos de CPT-u, además un ensayo de MASW y otro de MAN, los cuales fueron distribuidos de tal manera que puedan cubrir toda el área de estudio. Toda la información y colaboración fue proporcionada por la empresa GEOESTUDIOS S.A. Como resultado se obtuvo una caracterización geológica – geofísica de la
zona de estudio, determinando dos fases de depositaciòn. Continuo de una capa
de relleno de aproximadamente 0.70 cm, se observó un material arcilloso de alta
plasticidad, con intercalaciones de limos y arenas, seguido se encontró
predominancia de materiales granulares, en este caso arenas bien gradadas
intercaladas con pequeños lentes de limo y grava. Con el reconocimiento del área
se pudieron establecer soluciones ingenieriles para el mejoramiento del suelo y
garantizar el cumplimento con la Norma Ecuatoriana de la Construcción.
At present it takes great importance the studies of soils carried out for the elaboration of a geological geotechnical characterization for the design of a structure, in this way they define physical and mechanical characteristics of the soil on which a construction will be settled. To carry out this applies direct and indirect exploration methods, which allow identifying the geomaterials present in the study area. With the necessary resources and equipments we can perform soil tests such as perforation with recovery of samples and geophysicists with which you obtain information necessary to define characteristics and composition of the soil. Based on international standards established to carry out each type of test is guaranteed the quality of data obtaining that will be analyzed at the time proposing engineering alternatives for the design of the work. The methods of direct exploration used in the study of soil, were of percussion and perforation of which two types of test were applied: Standard Penetration Test (SPT) and Penetration Test by cone (CPT-u), taking into consideration that for the recovery of samples and subsequent laboratory analyses were obtained from the (SPT) test. On the other hand the indirect methods refer to geophysical methods of exploration for this study was necessary the application of seismic methods which are; Multichannel Analysis of Superficial Waves (MASW) and Multi-channel Analysis of Refraction of Microtremors (MAM). For the realization of this project we use information obtained in field the same that was compiled thanks to perforations and seismic tests, these data correspond to 12 perforations with SPT test and 7 CPT-u test, plus 1 MASW test and 1 MAM test, which were distributed in such a way that they can cover the study area. All the information and collaboration was provided by the company GEOESTUDIOS S.A. As a result, a geological-geophysical characterization of the study area was obtained, determining two phases of deposit. Continuous of a filling layer of approximately 0.70 cm, it was observed a clay material of high plasticity, with collations of silts and sands followed was found predominance of granular materials, in this case sands well tiered interspersed with small lenses of silt and gravel. With the recognition of the area were able to establish engineering solutions for the improvement of the soil and to guarantee the compliances with Ecuadorian Norm of Construction.
At present it takes great importance the studies of soils carried out for the elaboration of a geological geotechnical characterization for the design of a structure, in this way they define physical and mechanical characteristics of the soil on which a construction will be settled. To carry out this applies direct and indirect exploration methods, which allow identifying the geomaterials present in the study area. With the necessary resources and equipments we can perform soil tests such as perforation with recovery of samples and geophysicists with which you obtain information necessary to define characteristics and composition of the soil. Based on international standards established to carry out each type of test is guaranteed the quality of data obtaining that will be analyzed at the time proposing engineering alternatives for the design of the work. The methods of direct exploration used in the study of soil, were of percussion and perforation of which two types of test were applied: Standard Penetration Test (SPT) and Penetration Test by cone (CPT-u), taking into consideration that for the recovery of samples and subsequent laboratory analyses were obtained from the (SPT) test. On the other hand the indirect methods refer to geophysical methods of exploration for this study was necessary the application of seismic methods which are; Multichannel Analysis of Superficial Waves (MASW) and Multi-channel Analysis of Refraction of Microtremors (MAM). For the realization of this project we use information obtained in field the same that was compiled thanks to perforations and seismic tests, these data correspond to 12 perforations with SPT test and 7 CPT-u test, plus 1 MASW test and 1 MAM test, which were distributed in such a way that they can cover the study area. All the information and collaboration was provided by the company GEOESTUDIOS S.A. As a result, a geological-geophysical characterization of the study area was obtained, determining two phases of deposit. Continuous of a filling layer of approximately 0.70 cm, it was observed a clay material of high plasticity, with collations of silts and sands followed was found predominance of granular materials, in this case sands well tiered interspersed with small lenses of silt and gravel. With the recognition of the area were able to establish engineering solutions for the improvement of the soil and to guarantee the compliances with Ecuadorian Norm of Construction.