Propuesta para plan de reasentamiento de la población del recinto Tres Cerritos, afectada por las canteras del Cerro Pelado en Naranjal, Ecuador
Fecha
2020-11
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Universidad de Guayaquil: Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo
Resumen
La explotación minera es una actividad económica necesaria en nuestro medio,
que se encuentra en desarrollo debido a la demanda de nuevas obras de
construcción. Sin embargo, varios estudios realizados han demostrado que no
solamente se afecta al medio ambiente, sino también a la salud física y mental de
las personas que habitan a los alrededores de las canteras.
La pobreza y marginalidad en la que habitan las agrupaciones colindantes a las
zonas mineras es derivación de la falta de aplicación de las normas internacionales
de protección de los derechos humanos, la poca legislación nacional y la no
existencia de programas de regularización de los derechos de los desalojados;
acompañado a demás por la poca participación a las comunidades.
En este documento se describe la necesidad de diseñar un plan de reasentamiento
poblacional debido a la contaminación ambiental y acústica a la que está expuesta
los asentamientos humanos cercanos a lugares donde se desarrollan actividades
mineras a cielo abierto. El trabajo se realiza considerando los grupos humanos que
habitan en el sector del Recinto Tres Cerritos, situado en el área rural de la
Parroquia Taura del Cantón Naranjal, donde operan varias canteras dedicadas a la
extracción de áridos y pétreos.
Las concesiones mineras y el libre aprovechamiento otorgado por el Estado,
declarando como área de extracción minera al cerro Pelado, las actividades
propias de las canteras como la utilización de explosivos, máquinas y
maquinarias, sumado a esto, la falta de control por los entes reguladores han
provocado efectos negativos en sus alrededores. Entre los efectos negativos se
destacan la contaminación ambiental por ruido, polvo y gases, los cuales afectan
la calidad de vida de las poblaciones cercanas. Además, se evidencia un impacto
negativo sobre el medio ambiente por la degradación de la vegetación, la fauna, el
relieve y el paisaje.
Para analizar esta problemática se analizaron planes de reasentamiento realizados
en Ecuador y en otros países. Se realizó un estudio de la situación actual de la
zona, mediante visita de campo y encuestas, donde se concluyó que su mayor
afección es el ruido y polvo generado por las actividades de las canteras. Se aplicó
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mapas cognitivos difusos para jerarquizar los factores críticos de éxito para
diseñar un plan de reasentamiento que procure cubrir las necesidades y
requerimientos de los afectados, así como también cumplir con los estándares
propuestos por el Banco Mundial
Mining exploitation is a necessary economic activity in our environment, which is under development due to the demand for new construction works. However, several studies carried out have shown that not only is the environment affected, but also the physical and mental health of the people who live around the quarries. The poverty and marginality in which the groups adjacent to the mining areas live is a consequence of the lack of application of international standards for the protection of human rights, the little national legislation and the non-existence of programs to regularize the rights of the evicted; accompanied by others due to the low participation of the communities. This document describes the need to design a population resettlement plan due to the environmental and noise pollution to which human settlements near places where open-pit mining activities are exposed are exposed. The work is carried out considering the human groups that inhabit the Tres Cerritos Enclosure sector, located in the rural area of the Taura Parish of the Naranjal Canton, where several quarries dedicated to the extraction of aggregates and stone operate. The mining concessions and the free use granted by the State, declaring the Pelado hill as a mining extraction area, the activities of quarries such as the use of explosives, machines and machinery, added to this, the lack of control by the regulatory entities have had negative effects on their surroundings. Among the negative effects are environmental pollution by noise, dust and gases, which affect the quality of life of nearby populations. In addition, a negative impact on the environment is evidenced by the degradation of vegetation, fauna, relief and landscape. X To analyze this problem, resettlement plans carried out in Ecuador and in other countries were analyzed. A study of the current situation of the area was carried out, through field visits and surveys, where it was concluded that its greatest affection is the noise and dust generated by the quarrying activities. Fuzzy cognitive maps were applied to rank the critical success factors to design a resettlement plan that seeks to meet the needs and requirements of those affected, as well as comply with the standards proposed by the World Bank.
Mining exploitation is a necessary economic activity in our environment, which is under development due to the demand for new construction works. However, several studies carried out have shown that not only is the environment affected, but also the physical and mental health of the people who live around the quarries. The poverty and marginality in which the groups adjacent to the mining areas live is a consequence of the lack of application of international standards for the protection of human rights, the little national legislation and the non-existence of programs to regularize the rights of the evicted; accompanied by others due to the low participation of the communities. This document describes the need to design a population resettlement plan due to the environmental and noise pollution to which human settlements near places where open-pit mining activities are exposed are exposed. The work is carried out considering the human groups that inhabit the Tres Cerritos Enclosure sector, located in the rural area of the Taura Parish of the Naranjal Canton, where several quarries dedicated to the extraction of aggregates and stone operate. The mining concessions and the free use granted by the State, declaring the Pelado hill as a mining extraction area, the activities of quarries such as the use of explosives, machines and machinery, added to this, the lack of control by the regulatory entities have had negative effects on their surroundings. Among the negative effects are environmental pollution by noise, dust and gases, which affect the quality of life of nearby populations. In addition, a negative impact on the environment is evidenced by the degradation of vegetation, fauna, relief and landscape. X To analyze this problem, resettlement plans carried out in Ecuador and in other countries were analyzed. A study of the current situation of the area was carried out, through field visits and surveys, where it was concluded that its greatest affection is the noise and dust generated by the quarrying activities. Fuzzy cognitive maps were applied to rank the critical success factors to design a resettlement plan that seeks to meet the needs and requirements of those affected, as well as comply with the standards proposed by the World Bank.
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Palabras clave
REASENTAMIENTO, CANTERAS, CONTAMINACIÓN AMBIENTAL, PLANIFICACIÓN TERRITORIAL