Vulnerabilidades en la Isla Puna: Recuperación de medios de vida en las comunas Cauchiche, Estero de Boca y Subida Alta.
Fecha
2016-02-23
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Universidad de Guayaquil. Facultad de Ingeniería Industrial. Maestría en Gestión de Riesgos y Desastres.
Resumen
El Ecuador se encuentra ubicado geográficamente en una zona altamente riesgosa, con una diversidad enorme de especies animales, vegetales, además de minerales, razón suficiente para contar con alternativas de actividades socioeconómicas que permitan generar ingresos a los habitantes de las diferentes provincias del país. Esa misma ubicación geográfica, lo deja expuesto a múltiples amenazas naturales y antrópicas, tales como sismos, tsunamis, erupciones volcánicas, inundaciones, deslizamientos, derrumbes, derrame de hidrocarburos, evacuación de aguas negras en los espacios acuáticos, deforestación, etc. En el caso de la isla Puná, se puede observar los cambios por un lado debido al déficit hídrico, y, en otro por la deforestación, en su gran mayoría de los manglares, lo cual genera un éxodo de los habitantes hacia Guayaquil en busca de plazas de trabajo con mejores ingresos. A esas vulnerabilidades debe sumarse las necesidades básicas insatisfechas, baja cobertura de servicios de educación y salud, medios de vida sin consolidar. En Cauchiche, Estero de Boca y Subida Alta, se ha perdido grandes extensiones de manglar, espacios que generaban un atractivo turístico, además de ser fuentes de ingreso para los recolectores de cangrejos y pescadores, dejando entrever la baja resiliencia de las comunidades y el poco soporte de parte de las instituciones públicas y privadas para generar confianza suficiente a los residentes de estas comunas. Es conveniente poner en práctica la recuperación de medios de vida; aquí la reforestación del manglar juega un papel importante, puesto que estos espacios acuáticos son el hábitat adecuado para gran número de especies animales, aéreas, terrestres y anfibios, quienes de manera natural son atraídos para reproducirse y anidar. Además se puede aprovechar los espacios acuáticos para implementar micro emprendimientos que se vayan relacionando entre sí, generando encadenamientos productivos que redundarán en beneficio para la población de estas comunidades. Inicialmente se puede trabajar en la reforestación de cuatro hectáreas de manglar, en otra hectárea se puede construir piscinas para criadero de camarones, y, en otras dos hectáreas se puede aprovechar en criadero de cangrejos, lo cual se vinculará con los proyectos turísticos de manera general. Además es conveniente mantener consciente a la comunidad residente de las amenazas a las que se encuentran vulnerables, sobre todo las relacionadas con la pérdida de medios de vida
The Ecuador is geographically located in a very risky area, with a huge diversity of animal species, flora and minerals; reason enough for having socio-economic activities as alternatives that would allow to produce incomes to the inhabitants of the different provinces of the country. That same geographic location leaves it exposed to multiple natural and anthropogenic threats, such as earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, floods, landslides, oil spill, sewage disposal in water spaces, deforestation, etc. Changes can be observed in the case of the Puna Island, on one hand due to water shortage, and on the other hand due to deforestation especially of mangroves; these factors contribute to the migration of the population of the island to Guayaquil with the idea of finding jobs with higher salaries. To these vulnerabilities it must be added the dissatisfaction of basic needs, low coverage of health and education services, and poor life quality. In Cauchiche, Estero de Boca y Subida Alta, large mangrove extensions are lost, those were spaces that generated tourist attraction, in addition to being sources of incomes for crab harvesters and fishermen, showing the low resilience of communities and the little support of public and private institutions to generate confidence to residents of these communes. It is convenient to put into practice the recovery of livelihoods; here mangrove reforestation plays an important role, since these aquatic areas are the habitat for many animals, aerial and terrestrial species and amphibians, who are naturally drawn to breed and nest. Also, aquatic spaces can be used to implement micro-enterprises in order to generate productive linkages that will benefit people of these communities. Initially we can work in the reforestation of four mangrove hectares, in another hectare swimming pools for shrimp hatchery can be built, and other two hectares can be used to crab breeding; these activities will be linked to the tourism projects in general. It is also convenient to keep aware the resident community about the threats they are vulnerable to, especially those related to livelihoods loss
The Ecuador is geographically located in a very risky area, with a huge diversity of animal species, flora and minerals; reason enough for having socio-economic activities as alternatives that would allow to produce incomes to the inhabitants of the different provinces of the country. That same geographic location leaves it exposed to multiple natural and anthropogenic threats, such as earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, floods, landslides, oil spill, sewage disposal in water spaces, deforestation, etc. Changes can be observed in the case of the Puna Island, on one hand due to water shortage, and on the other hand due to deforestation especially of mangroves; these factors contribute to the migration of the population of the island to Guayaquil with the idea of finding jobs with higher salaries. To these vulnerabilities it must be added the dissatisfaction of basic needs, low coverage of health and education services, and poor life quality. In Cauchiche, Estero de Boca y Subida Alta, large mangrove extensions are lost, those were spaces that generated tourist attraction, in addition to being sources of incomes for crab harvesters and fishermen, showing the low resilience of communities and the little support of public and private institutions to generate confidence to residents of these communes. It is convenient to put into practice the recovery of livelihoods; here mangrove reforestation plays an important role, since these aquatic areas are the habitat for many animals, aerial and terrestrial species and amphibians, who are naturally drawn to breed and nest. Also, aquatic spaces can be used to implement micro-enterprises in order to generate productive linkages that will benefit people of these communities. Initially we can work in the reforestation of four mangrove hectares, in another hectare swimming pools for shrimp hatchery can be built, and other two hectares can be used to crab breeding; these activities will be linked to the tourism projects in general. It is also convenient to keep aware the resident community about the threats they are vulnerable to, especially those related to livelihoods loss
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Palabras clave
GESTIÓN DE RIESGOS Y DESASTRES, REDUCCIÓN VULNERABILIDAD, AMENAZAS NATURALES, ANTRÓPICAS