Parámetros para prevenir las complicaciones en el uso de anestésicos locales en la clínica de cirugía bucal de la Facultad Piloto de Odontología de la Universidad de Guayaquil
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2015-06
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Universidad de Guayaquil. Facultad Piloto de Odontología.
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Los anestésicos locales en odontología, son sustancias químicas, cuya finalidad es provocar la pérdida de sensibilidad de un área, de forma temporal y reversible, sin provocar alteraciones en la conciencia del paciente. En el campo odontológico es imprescindible el uso de anestésicos para la realización de distintos tratamientos, logrando evitar dolor en los pacientes. Entre las complicaciones o accidentes de los anestésicos están las de tipo local, como: la rotura de la aguja en el momento de la punción, trismus debido al espasmo de los músculos masticadores, parálisis del nervio facial, lo que lleva a la pérdida de su función motora, también se pueden llegar a producir hematomas, lesiones en los tejidos blandos, infecciones y dolor en el sitio de punción. En cuanto a las complicaciones sistémicas, se producen por alteración a nivel del sistema nervioso central y cardiovascular, donde se presentan reacciones alérgicas por la hipersensibilidad inmediata que adquiere el paciente, como: shock anafiláctico, enfermedad del suero y reacción de Arthur, mismas que pueden deberse a los diversos componentes que poseen los anestésicos locales. Lo fundamental a considerar antes del uso de los anestésicos locales para evitar que se produzcan los diferentes tipos de complicaciones ya citados, es desarrollar una buena práctica odontológica, tener el conocimiento necesario para hacer uso de estos fármacos , analizar los diferentes parámetros a seguir como son: la correcta posición de la aguja , conocer el historial médico del paciente a tratar , tener en cuenta estructuras anatómicas , llevar un control del paciente después del acto quirúrgico. En conclusión siguiendo estos parámetros se podrá realizar un tratamiento sin causarle ningún tipo de malestar a nuestro paciente.
Palabras claves: Complicaciones anestésicas, Precauciones, Tratamientos
Local anesthetics in dentistry are chemicals, whose purpose is to provoke the loss of sensation in an area on a temporary and reversible, without causing alterations in the patient's consciousness. In the dental field it is imperative the use of anesthetics to perform various treatments, achieving avoid pain in patients. In the dental field it is imperative the use of anesthetics to perform various treatments, achieving avoid discomfort in patients. Among the complications or accidents of anesthetics are those of local type, such as: the break of the needle at the time of the puncture, trismus due to spasm of the chewing muscles, paralysis of the facial nerve, which leads to the loss of your motor function, you can also get to produce bruising, soft tissue injury, infections, and pain at the puncture site. In terms of systemic complications, are produced by the alteration at the level of the central nervous system, cardiovascular system, where they have allergic reactions by the immediate hypersensitivity that acquires the patient, such as: anaphylactic shock, serum sickness and reaction of Arthur, which may be due to the various components that have the local anesthetics. The fundamental thing to considering before the use of the local anesthesics to prevent them from producing the different already mentioned types of complications to him, is to develop a good odontologic practice, to have the necessary knowledge to use these medicaments, to analyze the different parameters to continuing like they are: the correct position of the needle, to know the medical record of the patient to treating, bearing anatomical structures in mind, taking a control of the patient after the surgical act. In conclusion following these parameters it will be possible realize a treatment without causing any type of discomfort to our patient. Key Words Anesthetic complications, Preventions, Treatments.
Local anesthetics in dentistry are chemicals, whose purpose is to provoke the loss of sensation in an area on a temporary and reversible, without causing alterations in the patient's consciousness. In the dental field it is imperative the use of anesthetics to perform various treatments, achieving avoid pain in patients. In the dental field it is imperative the use of anesthetics to perform various treatments, achieving avoid discomfort in patients. Among the complications or accidents of anesthetics are those of local type, such as: the break of the needle at the time of the puncture, trismus due to spasm of the chewing muscles, paralysis of the facial nerve, which leads to the loss of your motor function, you can also get to produce bruising, soft tissue injury, infections, and pain at the puncture site. In terms of systemic complications, are produced by the alteration at the level of the central nervous system, cardiovascular system, where they have allergic reactions by the immediate hypersensitivity that acquires the patient, such as: anaphylactic shock, serum sickness and reaction of Arthur, which may be due to the various components that have the local anesthetics. The fundamental thing to considering before the use of the local anesthesics to prevent them from producing the different already mentioned types of complications to him, is to develop a good odontologic practice, to have the necessary knowledge to use these medicaments, to analyze the different parameters to continuing like they are: the correct position of the needle, to know the medical record of the patient to treating, bearing anatomical structures in mind, taking a control of the patient after the surgical act. In conclusion following these parameters it will be possible realize a treatment without causing any type of discomfort to our patient. Key Words Anesthetic complications, Preventions, Treatments.
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ANESTESICOS LOCALES, ODONTOLOGIA INTEGRAL, FARMACOLOGIA