Cuantificación de Cadmio (Cd) y Plomo (Pb) en agua, sedimento y plantas en el río Chimbo del cantón Marcelino Maridueña, Prov. Guayas.
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Fecha
2016
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Facultad de Ciencias Naturales. Universidad de Guayaquil
Resumen
El cadmio (Cd) y el plomo (Pb) son metales pesados tóxicos que generan enfermedades en humanos, animales y plantas. En Ecuador existen ríos contaminados por estos metales, por ello en el presente trabajo se determinó la concentración de Cd y Pb en el Río Chimbo. Para tal fin en marzo y septiembre de 2015 se tomaron 35 muestras en 5 estaciones. Se consideraron agua, sedimento y varias especies de plantas al azar. Para el análisis se empleó la técnica de espectrofotometría de absorción atómica, por horno de grafito. Además se determinó Temperatura, Potencial de Hidrógeno, Sólidos Suspendidos Totales y Sólidos Disueltos Totales. El pH fluctuó entre 6,50 - 8,00 y la temperatura entre 18 y 30°C. La concentración de cadmio y plomo en agua no fue detectable. En sedimentos se encontraron concentraciones de 0,04-0,80 ppm (Cd) y 0,51-0,83 ppm (Pb), dentro de los límites máximos permisibles según la norma ecuatoriana y la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), sólo sobrepasándose para Cd en la estación P1. Aunque las concentraciones de metales no fueron altas en el sedimento, se encontraban biodisponibles. La acumulación en las raíces se presentó en el siguiente orden: Gynerium sagittatum (0,93±0,24 ppm Cd y 1,27±0,80 ppm Pb)>Eleutheranthera ruderalis (0,42±0,00 ppm Cd; 1,01±0,00 ppm Pb)>Eichornia azurea (0,35±0,16 ppm Cd; 0,75±0,26 ppm Pb)>Pistia stratiotes (0,71±0,50 ppm Pb). En conclusión no se hallaron valores altos de Cd y Pb en el Río Chimbo, pero se propone el uso de las especies G. sagittatum y E. ruderalis como bioindindicadoras para monitoreos de contaminación por estos metales.
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Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) are toxic heavy metals that generate disease in humans, animals and plants. In Ecuador there are contaminated rivers by these metals, that´s why in this paper the concentration of Cd and Pb was determined in the Chimbo River. For that aim, in March and September, 2015, were taken 35 samples at 5 stations. Water, sediment and several species of plants were considered random. For analysis the technique of atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used by graphite furnace. In addition, temperature, pH, total suspended solids and total dissolved solids was determined. The pH ranged from 6.50 to 8.00 and the temperature between 18 and 30 ° C. The concentration of cadmium and lead in water was not detectable. Sediment concentrations were of 0.04 to 0.80 ppm (Cd) and 0.51 to 0.83 ppm (Pb) both of them within the maximum permissible limits, values found under Ecuadorian standard and WHO, and just in the P1 station Cd was surpassed. Although metal concentrations were not high in the sediment were bioavailable. Accumulation in roots was presented in the following order: Gynerium sagittatum (0.93 ± 0.24 ppm Cd and 1.27 ± 0.80 ppm Pb)>Eleutheranthera ruderalis (0.42 ± 0.00 ppm Cd; 1.01 ± 0.00 ppm Pb)>Eichornia azurea (0.35 ± 0.16 ppm Cd, 0.75 ± 0.26 ppm Pb)>Pistia stratiotes (0.71 ± 0.50 ppm Pb). In conclusion not high values of Cd and Pb in the Chimbo River were found, but the use of species G. sagittatum and E. ruderalis as bioindicators for monitoring contamination for these metals are proposed.
Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) are toxic heavy metals that generate disease in humans, animals and plants. In Ecuador there are contaminated rivers by these metals, that´s why in this paper the concentration of Cd and Pb was determined in the Chimbo River. For that aim, in March and September, 2015, were taken 35 samples at 5 stations. Water, sediment and several species of plants were considered random. For analysis the technique of atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used by graphite furnace. In addition, temperature, pH, total suspended solids and total dissolved solids was determined. The pH ranged from 6.50 to 8.00 and the temperature between 18 and 30 ° C. The concentration of cadmium and lead in water was not detectable. Sediment concentrations were of 0.04 to 0.80 ppm (Cd) and 0.51 to 0.83 ppm (Pb) both of them within the maximum permissible limits, values found under Ecuadorian standard and WHO, and just in the P1 station Cd was surpassed. Although metal concentrations were not high in the sediment were bioavailable. Accumulation in roots was presented in the following order: Gynerium sagittatum (0.93 ± 0.24 ppm Cd and 1.27 ± 0.80 ppm Pb)>Eleutheranthera ruderalis (0.42 ± 0.00 ppm Cd; 1.01 ± 0.00 ppm Pb)>Eichornia azurea (0.35 ± 0.16 ppm Cd, 0.75 ± 0.26 ppm Pb)>Pistia stratiotes (0.71 ± 0.50 ppm Pb). In conclusion not high values of Cd and Pb in the Chimbo River were found, but the use of species G. sagittatum and E. ruderalis as bioindicators for monitoring contamination for these metals are proposed.
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METALES PESADOS, CONTAMINACIÓN, PLANTAS BIOINDICADORAS, RIO CHIMBO