Neumonía congénita, factores de riesgo y complicaciones. Estudio a realizar en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Neonatales del Hospital de Especialidades Dr. Abel Gilbert Pontón en el año 2014-2015
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2016
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Universidad de Guayaquil. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Escuela de Medicina
Resumen
Este tipo de neumonías se presenta cuando el microorganismo de una madre que está infectada se transmite al feto por medio de la placenta, las anormalidades de la permeabilidad de las vías respiratorias, la ventilación alveolar y la perfusión se producen debido a varios mecanismos, sin embargo estos trastornos suelen alterar el intercambio de gases y el metabolismo celular dependiente de muchos tejidos y órganos que van a determinar la supervivencia y favorecen a la calidad de vida.
Este tipo de patologías suelen presentar por lo general dificultades subyacentes asociadas con la transición de la vida intrauterina y extrauterina, planteando desafíos primordiales para el organismo humano inmaduro. El reconocimiento, la prevención y el tratamiento en este tipo de patologías son factores muy fundamentales en el cuidado de alto riesgo en neonatos.
En nuestros resultados , tenemos que en el año 2014 existió un incremento dentro de la mortalidad infantil 54% debido a esta patología, disminuyendo en el 2015 a 46% ; así mismo vimos que la principal causa de mortalidad neonatal es la enfermedad respiratoria aguda 45% ( neumonía ).Dentro de los factores de riesgo que se asocian a la neumonía congénita consta que el de mayor frecuencia fue la rotura prematura de membranas 28%.El 45 % (35) de la población estudiada padeció de derrame pleural; el 46% (36) correspondía a los agentes etiológicos más frecuentes que están asociados a la neumonía congénita como es el Estreptococo del grupo B, seguido de la Escherichia coli. Al referirnos de las manifestaciones clínicas comprobamos que la que prevalecía con mayor frecuencia eran las manifestaciones pulmonares es decir el 58% de (45) pacientes, sin embargo las manifestaciones sistémicas que de acuerdo con los datos obtenidos con la población estudiada (78 pacientes) representaba el 43% (33). Con respecto al porcentaje de casos que se han estudiado según el sexo tenemos que a quien ha afectado con mayor frecuencia es al sexo masculino 53% (41) y al sexo femenino 47% (37) de 78 casos estudiados.
This type of pneumonia occurs when the microorganism of a mother who is infected is transmitted to the fetus through the placenta, abnormalities of patency of airways, alveolar ventilation and perfusion occur due to various mechanisms, however these disorders often alter the gas exchange and dependent on many tissues and organs that will determine favor survival and quality of life cellular metabolism. This type of disease often have underlying difficulties usually associated with the transition from intrauterine and postnatal life, raising important challenges for the immature human organism. Recognition, prevention and treatment of such diseases are key factors in the care of high-risk infants. In our results, we have that there was an increase in infant mortality 54% due to this disease, decreasing in 2015 to 46% in 2014; Likewise we saw that the main cause of neonatal mortality is 45% acute respiratory illness (pneumonia) .Within risk factors that are associated with congenital pneumonia has the highest frequency was pROM 28% .The 45% (35) of the study population suffered from pleural effusion; 46% (36) was for the most common etiologic agents that are associated with congenital pneumonia such as group B streptococcus, followed by Escherichia coli. When referring to the clinical manifestations found that the prevailing most often were pulmonary manifestations ie 58% (45) patients, however systemic manifestations that according to data obtained from the study population (78 patients) represented 43% (33). With regard to the percentage of cases that have been studied by sex whom we have most frequently affected males is 53% (41) and females 47% (37) of 78 cases studied.
This type of pneumonia occurs when the microorganism of a mother who is infected is transmitted to the fetus through the placenta, abnormalities of patency of airways, alveolar ventilation and perfusion occur due to various mechanisms, however these disorders often alter the gas exchange and dependent on many tissues and organs that will determine favor survival and quality of life cellular metabolism. This type of disease often have underlying difficulties usually associated with the transition from intrauterine and postnatal life, raising important challenges for the immature human organism. Recognition, prevention and treatment of such diseases are key factors in the care of high-risk infants. In our results, we have that there was an increase in infant mortality 54% due to this disease, decreasing in 2015 to 46% in 2014; Likewise we saw that the main cause of neonatal mortality is 45% acute respiratory illness (pneumonia) .Within risk factors that are associated with congenital pneumonia has the highest frequency was pROM 28% .The 45% (35) of the study population suffered from pleural effusion; 46% (36) was for the most common etiologic agents that are associated with congenital pneumonia such as group B streptococcus, followed by Escherichia coli. When referring to the clinical manifestations found that the prevailing most often were pulmonary manifestations ie 58% (45) patients, however systemic manifestations that according to data obtained from the study population (78 patients) represented 43% (33). With regard to the percentage of cases that have been studied by sex whom we have most frequently affected males is 53% (41) and females 47% (37) of 78 cases studied.
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Neumonía congénita, Factores de riesgo, Unidades de Cuidado Intensivo Neonatal, Recién nacido, Hospital de Especialidades Guayaquil Dr. Abel Gilbert Pontón, Cantón Guayaquil, Ecuador