Factores de riesgo de severidad del asma bronquial en niños atendidos en el Hospital Francisco Icaza
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2018
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Universidad de Guayaquil. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Carrera de Medicina
Resumen
El asma bronquial, es una patología respiratoria obstructiva muy común, especialmente en la población pediátrica urbano marginal de la ciudad de Guayaquil, la misma que suele ir asociada a factores de riesgo como ambientales, infecciones respiratorias recurrentes, que a su vez pueden potenciar la severidad del cuadro, llegando a complicaciones que varía entre una crisis asmática leve, moderada y severa. Los factores de riesgo descritos por diferentes autores son ambientales, genéticos, biológicos, nutricionales. Existen trabajos científicos, que analizan esta asociación, y el presente trabajo pretende determinar, los factores de riesgo de severidad del asma bronquial en escolares, atendidos en el Hospital Francisco Icaza, de la ciudad de Guayaquil. La metodología empleada, es de enfoque cuantitativo, diseño no experimental, de corte transversal, retrospectivo, observacional, analítico y correlacional. Los resultados demostraron que, los principales factores de riesgo de severidad de asma bronquial son sexo masculino, intervalo de edad entre 5 a 7 años, mestizo, Guayas, urbana, sin antecedentes de sibilancias, sin antecedentes de atopia, sin infecciones respiratorias, con mascotas, con lactancia materna. Mediante la prueba de chi cuadrado se obtuvo un P valor menor de 0.05 en la asociación entre las variables “días de estancia hospitalaria y grado de severidad de la crisis asmática”, por lo que se rechaza la hipótesis nula que indica que existe asociación estadísticamente significativa entre días de estancia hospitalaria y factores de riesgo de severidad de la crisis asmática.
Bronchial asthma is a very common obstructive respiratory disease, especially in the marginal urban pediatric population of the city of Guayaquil, which is often associated with risk factors such as environmental, recurrent respiratory infections, which in turn can enhance the severity of the picture, reaching complications that vary between mild, moderate and severe asthma attacks. The risk factors described by different authors are environmental, genetic, biological, nutritional. There are scientific works that analyze this association, and this work aims to determine the risk factors for the severity of bronchial asthma in school children, seen at the Francisco Icaza Hospital in the city of Guayaquil. The methodology used is quantitative, non-experimental, cross-sectional, retrospective, observational, analytical and correlational. The results showed that the main risk factors of bronchial asthma severity are male, age range between 5 to 7 years old, mestizo, Guayas, urban, with no history of wheezing, no history of atopy, no respiratory infections, with pets , with breastfeeding. By means of the chi-squared test, a P value of less than 0.05 was obtained in the association between the variables "days of hospital stay and degree of severity of the asthmatic crisis", reason why the null hypothesis is rejected that indicates that there is a statistically significant association between days of hospital stay and risk factors for severity of the asthmatic crisis.
Bronchial asthma is a very common obstructive respiratory disease, especially in the marginal urban pediatric population of the city of Guayaquil, which is often associated with risk factors such as environmental, recurrent respiratory infections, which in turn can enhance the severity of the picture, reaching complications that vary between mild, moderate and severe asthma attacks. The risk factors described by different authors are environmental, genetic, biological, nutritional. There are scientific works that analyze this association, and this work aims to determine the risk factors for the severity of bronchial asthma in school children, seen at the Francisco Icaza Hospital in the city of Guayaquil. The methodology used is quantitative, non-experimental, cross-sectional, retrospective, observational, analytical and correlational. The results showed that the main risk factors of bronchial asthma severity are male, age range between 5 to 7 years old, mestizo, Guayas, urban, with no history of wheezing, no history of atopy, no respiratory infections, with pets , with breastfeeding. By means of the chi-squared test, a P value of less than 0.05 was obtained in the association between the variables "days of hospital stay and degree of severity of the asthmatic crisis", reason why the null hypothesis is rejected that indicates that there is a statistically significant association between days of hospital stay and risk factors for severity of the asthmatic crisis.
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Asma, Factores de riesgo, Pediatría, Epidemiología descriptiva, Estudios retrospectivos, Hospital del Niño Francisco de Icaza Bustamante, Cantón Guayaquil, Ecuador