Prematurez como factor predisponente en la asfixia perinatal en neonatos del Hospital General Guasmo Sur, 2017
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2018
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Universidad de Guayaquil. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Carrera de Medicina
Resumen
Antecedentes: La salud fetal adquiere una gran importancia y valor para el correcto
desarrollo de la sociedad ya que se tornan involucrados varios grupos de personas sobre
este grupo de la población, el periodo neonatal y las adversidades que se involucren van a
definir las bases tanto anatómicas y funcionales para rendir al máximo, y aportar al desarrollo
de la misma.
En consecuencia, a la supresión de oxígeno, la glucolisis se convierte en la única fuente de
producción de adenosin trifosfato (ATP), con la continuidad de la formación de lactato
aparece acidosis grave de los tejidos y de ello efectos altamente peligrosos: El test de Apgar
con un resultado anómalo a los 5 minutos, es uno de los marcadores indicativos neonatales
específicos que mejor facilitan la identificación dentro de las primeras horas y que nos
ayudan a prevenir complicaciones. El déficit neurológico depende de la duración de la asfixia
y de la efectividad de las maniobras de reanimación empleadas por el personal a cargo.
Dentro de este test, algunos parámetros tienen más sensibilidad que otros, como la
coloración de la piel, una mala perfusión periférica. De todas formas, la presencia de un test
de Apgar normal no excluye la posibilidad de secuelas neurológicas.
Objetivo: Analizar la relación de los factores de riesgo materno infantil perinatales en el
desarrollo de asfixia perinatal y neonatales. Determinar la asociación estadística entre asfixia
perinatal y el peso al nacer, edad gestacional, edad de la madre y enfermedades asociadas
más frecuentes
Metodología. - El presente trabajo previo a la obtención del título de médico es de enfoque
retrospectivo, diseño no experimental, de corte longitudinal, y el método es analítico y
cuantitativo. Se realizó utilizando metodológicamente la recopilación de artículos
académicos como fuentes bibliográficas desde el 2013 hasta el presente año dividiéndolas
en carpeta y utilizando el programa zotero para las posteriores utilizaciones. como unidad
de análisis estadístico se utilizó las historias clínicas de los recién nacidos con diagnóstico
presuntivo y definitivo de asfixia perinatal, nacidos en el hospital general guasmo sur del 1
de mayo del 2017- al 31 de diciembre del 2017.
Resultados. - se analizaron cada uno de los objetivos estadísticamente obtuve como
resultado que la frecuencia según el tipo de sexo en un (56,3%) de los pacientes que
presentaron esta patología fueron hombres, (43,6%) fueron mujeres. que según la
distribución en cuanto al peso un (48%) están los nacidos con un peso aproximado de 1501
a 2000 gramos, seguidos (17%) los neonatos nacidos con un peso aproximado entre 2001 -
2500 gramos, la frecuencia por el puntaje de Apgar al minuto un (56,38%) tuvieron un puntaje
de Apgar al minuto de 5-6 y hubo un empate entre la puntuación 2 y 3 con (11,70%)
Conclusiones. - valorando los problemas en el mismo neonato, el peso, las semanas de
gestación y el género podemos llegar a concluir que hubo una mayor presencia de asfixia
perinatal en aquellos productos prematuros con un bajo peso al nacer y que se presentó con
mayor frecuencia en productos de género masculino y que muchos de estos recién nacidos
sufren posteriores complicaciones siendo la más frecuente la encefalopatía hipóxico
isquémica.
Background: Fetal health acquires a great importance and value for the correct development of society since several groups of people become involved in this group of the population, the neonatal period and the adversities that are involved will define the anatomical bases and functional to yield the maximum, and contribute to the development of it. As a result of the suppression of oxygen, glycolysis becomes the only source of production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), with the continuity of lactate formation, there is severe acidosis of the tissues and its highly dangerous effects: The Apgar test with an abnormal result at 5 minutes, it is one of the specific neonatal indicative markers that best facilitate identification within the first few hours and that help us prevent complications. Neurological deficits depend on the duration of asphyxia and the effectiveness of the resuscitation maneuvers used by the personnel in charge. Within this test, some parameters have more sensitivity than others, such as skin coloration, poor peripheral perfusion. In any case, the presence of a normal Apgar test does not exclude the possibility of neurological sequelae. Objective: To analyze the relationship of perinatal maternal and child risk factors in the development of perinatal and neonatal asphyxia. To determine the statistical association between perinatal asphyxia and birth weight, gestational age, age of the mother and most frequent associated diseases Methodology:The present work prior to obtaining the title of doctor is a retrospective approach, non-experimental design, longitudinal section, and the method is analytical and quantitative. It was carried out using methodologically the collection of academic articles as bibliographic sources from 2013 to the present year, dividing them into a folder and using the zotero program for later use. As a unit of statistical analysis, we used the clinical histories of newborns with a prsentuvo and definitive diagnosis of perinatal asphyxia, born in the Guasmo South general hospital from May 1, 2017 to December 31, 2017. Results - We analyzed each of the objectives statistically obtained as a result that the frequency according to the type of sex in one (56.3%) of the patients who presented this pathology were men, (43.6%) were women. that according to the distribution in terms of weight one (48%) are those born with an approximate weight of 1501 to 2000 grams, followed (17%) the neonates born with an approximate weight between 2001 - 2500 grams, the frequency by the score of Apgar at minute one (56.38%) had a score of Apgar at minute of 5-6 and there was a tie between score 2 and 3 with (11.70%) Conclusions. - Assessing the problems in the same neonate, the weight, the weeks of gestation and the gender we can conclude that there was a greater presence of perinatal asphyxia in those premature products with a low weight at birth and that occurred more frequently in products of masculine gender and that many of these newborns suffer later complications being the most frequent hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy.
Background: Fetal health acquires a great importance and value for the correct development of society since several groups of people become involved in this group of the population, the neonatal period and the adversities that are involved will define the anatomical bases and functional to yield the maximum, and contribute to the development of it. As a result of the suppression of oxygen, glycolysis becomes the only source of production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), with the continuity of lactate formation, there is severe acidosis of the tissues and its highly dangerous effects: The Apgar test with an abnormal result at 5 minutes, it is one of the specific neonatal indicative markers that best facilitate identification within the first few hours and that help us prevent complications. Neurological deficits depend on the duration of asphyxia and the effectiveness of the resuscitation maneuvers used by the personnel in charge. Within this test, some parameters have more sensitivity than others, such as skin coloration, poor peripheral perfusion. In any case, the presence of a normal Apgar test does not exclude the possibility of neurological sequelae. Objective: To analyze the relationship of perinatal maternal and child risk factors in the development of perinatal and neonatal asphyxia. To determine the statistical association between perinatal asphyxia and birth weight, gestational age, age of the mother and most frequent associated diseases Methodology:The present work prior to obtaining the title of doctor is a retrospective approach, non-experimental design, longitudinal section, and the method is analytical and quantitative. It was carried out using methodologically the collection of academic articles as bibliographic sources from 2013 to the present year, dividing them into a folder and using the zotero program for later use. As a unit of statistical analysis, we used the clinical histories of newborns with a prsentuvo and definitive diagnosis of perinatal asphyxia, born in the Guasmo South general hospital from May 1, 2017 to December 31, 2017. Results - We analyzed each of the objectives statistically obtained as a result that the frequency according to the type of sex in one (56.3%) of the patients who presented this pathology were men, (43.6%) were women. that according to the distribution in terms of weight one (48%) are those born with an approximate weight of 1501 to 2000 grams, followed (17%) the neonates born with an approximate weight between 2001 - 2500 grams, the frequency by the score of Apgar at minute one (56.38%) had a score of Apgar at minute of 5-6 and there was a tie between score 2 and 3 with (11.70%) Conclusions. - Assessing the problems in the same neonate, the weight, the weeks of gestation and the gender we can conclude that there was a greater presence of perinatal asphyxia in those premature products with a low weight at birth and that occurred more frequently in products of masculine gender and that many of these newborns suffer later complications being the most frequent hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy.
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Palabras clave
Asfixia perinatal, Recién nacido prematuro, Prematurez, Estudios retrospectivos, Epidemiología analítica, Hospital General Guasmo Sur, Cantón Guayaquil, Ecuador, Causalidad