Ruptura prematura de membrana, complicaciones más frecuentes y factores predisponentes en gestantes de 15 a 20 años en la Maternidad Mariana de Jesús en el período de enero del 2012 a enero del 2015
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2016
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Universidad de Guayaquil. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Escuela de Medicina
Resumen
La ruptura prematura de membrana se define como la solución de continuidad espontánea de la membrana cori amniótica antes del inicio del trabajo de parto. Constituye un problema de salud pública por la morbimortalidad fetal que ocasiona ya que se relaciona con asfixia perinatal, prematurez, bajo peso al nacer e infecciones, ocasiona altos costos para el sector de salud pública y secuelas para los neonatos.
Este estudio tiene como objetivo determinar las complicaciones y factores predisponentes de ruptura prematura de membrana en gestantes de 15 a 20 años en la maternidad Mariana de Jesús.
Los resultados de este trabajo basado en la revisión de historias clínicas, observación directa del paciente y la recolección de información mediante datos estadísticos, fueron exitosos gracias al aporte de la maternidad y la colaboración de las pacientes, dejando establecidos los objetivos propuestos.
El estudio fue realizado en una muestra de 100 pacientes atendidas en la maternidad y sus resultados fueron los siguientes:
Entre las complicaciones neonatales se presentaron síndrome de dificultad respiratoria, infecciones, hipoplasia pulmonar, deformidades ortopédicas y asfixia perinatal.
Existieron factores de riesgo asociados a ruptura prematura de membrana como infecciones durante el embarazo, déficit nutricional, incompetencia cervical, coito reciente, alteraciones placentarias, polihidramnios y antecedentes de parto prematuro. Durante los 3 años en los
que se basó el estudio existieron 526 casos de ruptura prematura de membrana en la maternidad, con una tasa de mortalidad neonatal de 7% en 100 pacientes.
Se realizaron partos vaginales espontáneos, así como inducidos y cesáreas, de la muestra estudiada la mayoría de pacientes tenían entre 19 y 20 años y se encontraban entre la semana 29 y 32 de gestación, siendo estos partos pretermino con características que coinciden a lo estudiado de la literatura.
Palabras clave: ruptura prematura de membrana, hipoplasia pulmonar, polihidramnios, prematurez.
Premature rupture of membrane is defined as the solution of spontaneous continuity of the amniotic membrane cori before the onset of labor. Is a public health problem by causing fetal morbidity and mortality as it relates to perinatal asphyxia, prematurity, low birth weight and infection, causes high costs for the public health sector and sequelae for infants. This study aims to determine the complications and predisposing factors of premature rupture of membranes in pregnant women aged 15 to 20 years in maternity Mariana Jesus. The results of this work based on the review of medical records, direct observation of the patient and collecting information through statistical data, were successful thanks to the contribution of motherhood and collaboration of patients, leaving the objectives set. The study was conducted on a sample of 100 patients treated in maternity and their results were as follows: Among the complications of neonatal respiratory distress, infection, pulmonary hypoplasia, orthopedic deformities and perinatal asphyxia syndrome occurred. There were risk factors associated with premature rupture of membrane as infections during pregnancy, nutritional deficiency, cervical incompetence, recent intercourse, placental abnormalities, polyhydramnios and a history of preterm birth. During the 3 years that the study there were 526 cases of premature rupture of membranes in the maternity ward with a neonatal mortality rate of 7% in 100 patients it was based. Caesarean sections, of the sample most patients were between 19 and 20 years and were between weeks 29 and 32 of gestation, spontaneous vaginal deliveries were conducted and induced and being these preterm births with characteristics that match what studied literature.
Premature rupture of membrane is defined as the solution of spontaneous continuity of the amniotic membrane cori before the onset of labor. Is a public health problem by causing fetal morbidity and mortality as it relates to perinatal asphyxia, prematurity, low birth weight and infection, causes high costs for the public health sector and sequelae for infants. This study aims to determine the complications and predisposing factors of premature rupture of membranes in pregnant women aged 15 to 20 years in maternity Mariana Jesus. The results of this work based on the review of medical records, direct observation of the patient and collecting information through statistical data, were successful thanks to the contribution of motherhood and collaboration of patients, leaving the objectives set. The study was conducted on a sample of 100 patients treated in maternity and their results were as follows: Among the complications of neonatal respiratory distress, infection, pulmonary hypoplasia, orthopedic deformities and perinatal asphyxia syndrome occurred. There were risk factors associated with premature rupture of membrane as infections during pregnancy, nutritional deficiency, cervical incompetence, recent intercourse, placental abnormalities, polyhydramnios and a history of preterm birth. During the 3 years that the study there were 526 cases of premature rupture of membranes in the maternity ward with a neonatal mortality rate of 7% in 100 patients it was based. Caesarean sections, of the sample most patients were between 19 and 20 years and were between weeks 29 and 32 of gestation, spontaneous vaginal deliveries were conducted and induced and being these preterm births with characteristics that match what studied literature.
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Rotura prematura de membranas fetales, Complicaciones obstétricas, Causalidad, Embarazo en adolescencia, Estudios retrospectivos, Epidemiología analítica, Hospital Especializado Mariana de Jesús, Cantón Guayaquil, Ecuador