Detección de hipoacusia neurosensorial en infantes mediante otoemisiones acústicas
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2019
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Universidad de Guayaquil. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Escuela de Graduados
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La hipoacusia se define como la disminución de la audición que a su vez puede ser unilateral o bilateral. Al no ser tratadas a tiempo puede provocar trastornos auditivos, retrasos del lenguaje oral, y desarrollo cognitivo. Objetivo: Evaluar la detección de hipoacusia en menores de un año mediante la aplicación de otoemisiones acústicas desde el 1 enero del 2017 hasta 31 diciembre del 2017, en el área de audiología de la unidad técnica de Otorrinolaringología del hospital “Teodoro Maldonado Carbo”. Metodología: El presente estudio es de diseño no experimental, tipo correlacional, corte transversal, el mismo se realiza en el departamento de audiología, en menores de un año, en el hospital “Teodoro Maldonado Carbo” durante el año 2017. Cuenta con un universo y muestra de 332 pacientes. Resultados: La otoemisión acústica (OTEA) estuvo presente en el 86% (286) de los pacientes y el 14% (46) presentó ausencia de otoemisiones. La segunda prueba de OTEA a los 46 pacientes con 1era prueba negativa, reporta que 45 (98%) presentaron ausencia de otoemisiones acústicas, descartando 1 paciente (2%). Se establece diagnóstico definitivo de hipoacusia de tipo central en 45 pacientes, de los cuales el 60% fue unilateral y el 40% fue bilateral. Los principales factores de riesgo prenatal fueron la infección por citomegalovirus (55%), tener madre VIH reactivo (27%) y toxoplasmosis (18%). Los principales factores de riesgo perinatales fueron el distrés respiratorio en el 80% y la ictericia neonatal en el 20%. Conclusión: El examen inicial de otoemisión acústica, seguido de una segunda prueba en casos de ausencia de respuesta es útil para la identificación temprana de bebés con pérdida auditiva, lo que permite una intervención oportuna.
Hearing loss is defined as a decrease in hearing that in turn can be unilateral or bilateral. By not being treated early can cause hearing disorders, delays in oral language, and cognitive development. Objective: To evaluate the detection of hearing loss in children under one year of age through the application of acoustic otoacoustic emissions from January 1, 2017 to December 31, 2017, in the audiology area of the Otorhinolaryngology technical unit of the hospital “Teodoro Maldonado Carbo”. Methodology: The present study is of non-experimental design, correlational type, cross section, it will be carried out in the audiology department, in children under one year of age, in the hospital Teodoro Maldonado Carbo during the year 2017. It has a universe and sample of 332 patients. Results: Acoustic otoacoustic emission (OTEA) was present in 86% (286) of the patients and 14% (46) presented absence of otoacoustic emissions. The second OTEA test for 46 patients with a negative 1 st test reports that 45 (98%) presented absence of acoustic otoacoustic emissions, discarding 1 patient (2%). A definitive diagnosis of central type hearing loss was established in 45 patients, of which 60% were unilateral and 40% were bilateral. The main prenatal risk factors were cytomegalovirus infection (55%), having a reactive HIV mother (27%) and having toxoplasmosis (18%). The main perinatal risk factors were respiratory distress in 80% and neonatal jaundice in 20%. Conclusion: The initial acoustic otoacoustic examination, followed by a second test in cases of lack of response is useful for the early identification of babies with hearing loss, which allows a timely intervention.
Hearing loss is defined as a decrease in hearing that in turn can be unilateral or bilateral. By not being treated early can cause hearing disorders, delays in oral language, and cognitive development. Objective: To evaluate the detection of hearing loss in children under one year of age through the application of acoustic otoacoustic emissions from January 1, 2017 to December 31, 2017, in the audiology area of the Otorhinolaryngology technical unit of the hospital “Teodoro Maldonado Carbo”. Methodology: The present study is of non-experimental design, correlational type, cross section, it will be carried out in the audiology department, in children under one year of age, in the hospital Teodoro Maldonado Carbo during the year 2017. It has a universe and sample of 332 patients. Results: Acoustic otoacoustic emission (OTEA) was present in 86% (286) of the patients and 14% (46) presented absence of otoacoustic emissions. The second OTEA test for 46 patients with a negative 1 st test reports that 45 (98%) presented absence of acoustic otoacoustic emissions, discarding 1 patient (2%). A definitive diagnosis of central type hearing loss was established in 45 patients, of which 60% were unilateral and 40% were bilateral. The main prenatal risk factors were cytomegalovirus infection (55%), having a reactive HIV mother (27%) and having toxoplasmosis (18%). The main perinatal risk factors were respiratory distress in 80% and neonatal jaundice in 20%. Conclusion: The initial acoustic otoacoustic examination, followed by a second test in cases of lack of response is useful for the early identification of babies with hearing loss, which allows a timely intervention.
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Otoemisores acústicas, Pérdida auditiva conductiva, Factores de riesgo, Hospital de Especialidades Dr. Teodoro Maldonado Carbo, Cantón Guayaquil, Ecuador, Pediatría