Estrés laboral: factor de alto riesgo para desarrollar ansiedad y depresión en un medio hospitalario
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Fecha
2021
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Universidad de Guayaquil. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Escuela de Graduados
Resumen
El estrés es un elemento limitante para la salud y la eficiencia, tanto individual como
social, y actúa en gran medida en el lugar de trabajo, convirtiéndose en un aspecto principal de la
seguridad y la salud laboral. Numerosos estudios han demostrado que los profesionales de la
salud están expuestos a angustia psicológica, sin embargo, se desconoce en gran medida la
magnitud del problema. La depresión y la ansiedad son problemas habituales que afectan a la
capacidad de trabajo y la productividad siendo la segunda causa más importante de ausentismo
por enfermedad laboral y están asociados con errores médicos o menor rendimiento, factores que
podrían afectar negativamente la salud de los pacientes. Este trabajo tiene como finalidad
identificar las situaciones que en el medio hospitalario son percibidas como estresantes y
explorar su vinculación con el desarrollo de patologías psiquiátricas como ansiedad y depresión,
además de emitir las debidas recomendaciones con las que se podría intervenir para prevenir este
tipo de riesgo laboral.
Se lo realizó en el Hospital de Especialidades “Teodoro Maldonado Carbo” de la ciudad
de Guayaquil. Se seleccionaron 39 médicos/as y 92 enfermeros/as que cumplieron los criterios
de inclusión y exclusión propuestos. Se aplicó la escala DASS-21 para evaluar la presencia de
depresión, ansiedad y nivel de estrés y el Cuestionario de Estrés Percibido para valorar los
aspectos del trabajo que producen satisfacción o insatisfacción en algún grado.
Se obtuvo como resultado que los profesionales sanitarios expuestos a altas demandas
psicológicas laborales (carga de trabajo excesiva, presiones de tiempo extremas) sin antecedentes
de diagnóstico o tratamiento de patología psiquiátrica previa al trabajo, tienen un alto riesgo de
desarrollar depresión o trastorno de ansiedad generalizada en comparación con aquellos con
bajas demandas laborales. Las mujeres tienen una mayor prevalencia de trastornos psiquiátricos
que los hombres. Se descarta la posibilidad de que la asociación entre el estrés laboral y el
trastorno psiquiátrico se deba a una tendencia de la personalidad a informar negativamente o a un
historial de trastorno psiquiátrico.
Palabras clave: Estrés laboral, estrés percibido, bienestar laboral, ansiedad, depresión
The stress is a limiting element for health and the efficiency, both individual and social, and it acts to a great extent in the place of work, turning into a principal aspect of the safety and the labor health. Numerous studies have demonstrated that the professionals of the health are exposed to psychological anxiety, nevertheless, the magnitude of the problem is not known to a great extent. The depression and the anxiety are habitual problems that they affect to the working capacity and the productiveness being the most important second cause of absenteeism for labor illness and are associated with medical errors or decrease of the yield and these possibly might affect negatively the health of the patients. This work takes as a purpose to identify the situations that in the hospitable way are perceived as stressful and to explore his link with the development of psychiatric pathologies as anxiety and depression, in addition to expressing the due recommendations with which it might intervene to prepare this type of occupational risk. It was realized in the Hospital of Specialities “Teodoro Maldonado Carbo “of the city of Guayaquil. There were selected 39 doctors / experts and 92 nurses / experts who fulfilled the criteria of inclusion and exclusion proposed. There was applied the scale DASS-21 to evaluate the presence of depression, anxiety and level of stress and the Questionnaire of Stress Perceived to value the aspects of the work that produce satisfaction or dissatisfaction in some grade. It was obtained as result that the sanitary professionals exposed to high psychological labor demands (excessive load of work, extreme pressures of time) without precedents of diagnosis or treatment of psychiatric pathology before to the work, have a high risk of developing depression or disorder of anxiety generalized compared to those with low labor demands. The women have a major prevalency of psychiatric disorders than the men. There is discarded the possibility that the affiliation between the labor stress and the psychiatric disorder should to a tendency of the personality to report negatively or to a record of psychiatric disorder. Key words: Labor stress, perceived stress, labor well-being, anxiety, depression
The stress is a limiting element for health and the efficiency, both individual and social, and it acts to a great extent in the place of work, turning into a principal aspect of the safety and the labor health. Numerous studies have demonstrated that the professionals of the health are exposed to psychological anxiety, nevertheless, the magnitude of the problem is not known to a great extent. The depression and the anxiety are habitual problems that they affect to the working capacity and the productiveness being the most important second cause of absenteeism for labor illness and are associated with medical errors or decrease of the yield and these possibly might affect negatively the health of the patients. This work takes as a purpose to identify the situations that in the hospitable way are perceived as stressful and to explore his link with the development of psychiatric pathologies as anxiety and depression, in addition to expressing the due recommendations with which it might intervene to prepare this type of occupational risk. It was realized in the Hospital of Specialities “Teodoro Maldonado Carbo “of the city of Guayaquil. There were selected 39 doctors / experts and 92 nurses / experts who fulfilled the criteria of inclusion and exclusion proposed. There was applied the scale DASS-21 to evaluate the presence of depression, anxiety and level of stress and the Questionnaire of Stress Perceived to value the aspects of the work that produce satisfaction or dissatisfaction in some grade. It was obtained as result that the sanitary professionals exposed to high psychological labor demands (excessive load of work, extreme pressures of time) without precedents of diagnosis or treatment of psychiatric pathology before to the work, have a high risk of developing depression or disorder of anxiety generalized compared to those with low labor demands. The women have a major prevalency of psychiatric disorders than the men. There is discarded the possibility that the affiliation between the labor stress and the psychiatric disorder should to a tendency of the personality to report negatively or to a record of psychiatric disorder. Key words: Labor stress, perceived stress, labor well-being, anxiety, depression
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Estrés laboral, Salud laboral, Ansiedad, Depresión, Epidemiología analítica, Estudios prospectivos, Hospital de Especialidades Dr. Teodoro Maldonado Carbo, Cantón Guayaquil, Ecuador