Factores de riesgo asociados a bronquiolitis en pacientes pediátricos menores de 2 años
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2022
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Universidad de Guayaquil. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Carrera de Medicina
Resumen
Introducción: La bronquiolitis es una infección viral del tracto respiratorio inferior caracterizada por la obstrucción de las vías respiratorias pequeñas causada por una inflamación aguda, edema y necrosis de las células epiteliales que recubren las vías respiratorias pequeñas, así como un aumento de la producción de moco. Afecta a más de un tercio de los niños en los dos primeros años de vida y es la causa más frecuente de ingreso hospitalario en el primer año. Durante los últimos 30 años, las tasas de hospitalización han aumentado del 1 % al 3 % de todos los bebés. Objetivo: Establecer los factores de riesgo asociados a la aparición de bronquiolitis en los pacientes pediátricos menores de 2 años en el Hospital General del Norte de Guayaquil Los Ceibos. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo con diseño descriptivo y retrospectivo con una muestra de 120 pacientes. Resultados: El sexo masculino fue el más afectado con 69 niños (57%). La edad de presentación más frecuente fue la del lactante menor en un 59%. Además, 108 niños (90%) de la muestra tuvo antecedente de algún grado de prematuridad y solo 12 (10%) nacieron a término. También se evidencia que, 101 (84%) de los pacientes pediátricos tuvieron antecedentes de peso inferior al normal. Conclusión: La bronquiolitis es una patología con mayor incidencia en pacientes menores de 6 meses de edad, y más frecuente afectando al sexo masculino. Dentro de los factores de riesgo destaca el tabaquismo pasivo, el bajo peso al nacer y la prematuridad. Palabras claves: bronquiolitis, factores de riesgo, lactantes, prematuridad
Introduction: Bronchiolitis is a viral infection of the lower respiratory tract characterized by obstruction of the small airways caused by acute inflammation, edema, and necrosis of the epithelial cells lining the small airways, as well as increased mucus production. It affects more than a third of children in the first two years of life and is the most common cause of hospital admission in the first year. Over the last 30 years, hospitalization rates have increased from 1% to 3% of all babies. Objective: To establish the risk factors associated with the appearance of bronchiolitis in pediatric patients under 2 years of age at the Hospital General del Norte de Guayaquil Los Ceibos. Methodology: A quantitative study with a descriptive and retrospective design was carried out with a sample of 120 patients. Results: The male sex was the most affected with 69 children (57%). The most frequent age of presentation was that of the minor infant in 59%. In addition, 108 children (90%) of the sample had a history of some degree of prematurity and only 12 (10%) were born at term. It is also evident that 101 (84%) of the pediatric patients had a history of underweight. Conclusion: Bronchiolitis is a pathology with a higher incidence in patients under 6 months of age, and more frequently affecting males. Among the risk factors, passive smoking, low birth weight and prematurity stand out. Keywords: bronchiolitis, risk factors, infants, prematurity
Introduction: Bronchiolitis is a viral infection of the lower respiratory tract characterized by obstruction of the small airways caused by acute inflammation, edema, and necrosis of the epithelial cells lining the small airways, as well as increased mucus production. It affects more than a third of children in the first two years of life and is the most common cause of hospital admission in the first year. Over the last 30 years, hospitalization rates have increased from 1% to 3% of all babies. Objective: To establish the risk factors associated with the appearance of bronchiolitis in pediatric patients under 2 years of age at the Hospital General del Norte de Guayaquil Los Ceibos. Methodology: A quantitative study with a descriptive and retrospective design was carried out with a sample of 120 patients. Results: The male sex was the most affected with 69 children (57%). The most frequent age of presentation was that of the minor infant in 59%. In addition, 108 children (90%) of the sample had a history of some degree of prematurity and only 12 (10%) were born at term. It is also evident that 101 (84%) of the pediatric patients had a history of underweight. Conclusion: Bronchiolitis is a pathology with a higher incidence in patients under 6 months of age, and more frequently affecting males. Among the risk factors, passive smoking, low birth weight and prematurity stand out. Keywords: bronchiolitis, risk factors, infants, prematurity
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Bronquiolitis, Factores de riesgo, Lactante, Pediatría, Epidemiología descriptiva, Estudios retrospectivos, Hospital IESS Los Ceibos, Cantón Guayaquil, Ecuador