Situación actual de la transmisión vertical de VIH en el Hospital Materno Infantil Matilde Hidalgo de Procel
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2022
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Universidad de Guayaquil. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Carrera de Medicina
Resumen
La transmisión vertical es causa del 90% de las infecciones de VIH en los niños a nivel mundial, esta consiste en el contagio del virus de madre a hijo en el periodo de gestación, durante el parto o por medio de la lactancia. En nuestro país, las estadísticas presentadas por el MSP, indican que existen aproximadamente 700 embarazadas seropositivas cada año. Objetivo: Determinar la situación actual de la transmisión vertical de VIH en el hospital materno-infantil “Matilde Hidalgo de Procel” en el periodo 2019 al 2021, en la ciudad de Guayaquil. Materiales y métodos: Es un estudio cuantitativo, no experimental, retrospectivo, de corte transversal y descriptivo; se emplearon las historias clínicas de las gestantes VIH positivas que acudieron a la entidad hospitalaria durante el periodo de estudio tanto de la consulta externa y de hospitalización. Resultados: se obtuvo una muestra de (n=133), en el 2020 se reportaron más casos VIH que correspondía al 45%, durante el año 2020 existió un aumento 500 nacidos vivos, mientras que los años 2019 y 2020 se mantuvieron en un 32%, pese a que existe buena adhesión al tratamiento, existen falencia al momento de receptar gestantes VIH positivas antes del embarazo. Conclusión: De las 133 gestantes, todas tuvieron bebés serorevertores al tener aceptable adhesión al tratamiento, al menos 4 semanas antes del parto, mientras que las madres que no tuvieron terapia antirretroviral tuvieron nacidos vivos seropositivos. Por lo tanto, se concluye que la terapia antirretroviral tiene efectos positivos e importantes para la prevención de la transmisión vertical de VIH. Se recomienda que las madres acudan a controles prenatales, tamizaje de VIH en la primera consulta y la buena adhesión al tratamiento. Es importante recalcar que se debería tener mayor interés por parte del estado en las mujeres seropositivas en edad fértil, adecuar métodos de planificación familiar para evitar contagios. Palabras claves: VIH, gestantes, terapia antirretroviral, transmisión vertical.
Vertical transmission is the cause of 90% of HIV infections in children worldwide, this consists of the spread of the virus from mother to child during pregnancy, during childbirth or through breastfeeding. In our country, the statistics presented by the MSP indicate that there are approximately 700 seropositive pregnant women each year. Objective: To determine the current situation of vertical transmission of HIV in the "Matilde Hidalgo de Procel" maternity hospital in the period 2019 to 2021, in the city of Guayaquil. Materials and methods: It is a quantitative, non-experimental, retrospective, cross-sectional and descriptive study; The medical records of HIV-positive pregnant women who attended the hospital entity during the study period, both for outpatient consultation and hospitalization, were used. Results: a sample of (n=133) was obtained, in 2020 more HIV cases were reported corresponding to 45%, during the year 2020 there was an increase of 500 live births, while the years 2019 and 2020 remained at 32 %, despite the fact that there is good adherence to treatment, there are shortcomings when receiving HIV-positive pregnant women before pregnancy. Conclusion: Of the 133 pregnant women, all had seroreverting babies by having acceptable adherence to treatment, at least 4 weeks before delivery, while mothers who did not have antiretroviral therapy had seropositive live births. Therefore, it is concluded that antiretroviral therapy has positive and important effects for the prevention of antiretroviral transmission. It is recommended that mothers attend prenatal check-ups, HIV screening at the first consultation and good adherence to treatment. It is important to emphasize that the state should have greater interest in HIV-positive women of childbearing age, adapting family planning methods to avoid contagion. Keywords: HIV, pregnant women, antiretroviral therapy, vertical transmission.
Vertical transmission is the cause of 90% of HIV infections in children worldwide, this consists of the spread of the virus from mother to child during pregnancy, during childbirth or through breastfeeding. In our country, the statistics presented by the MSP indicate that there are approximately 700 seropositive pregnant women each year. Objective: To determine the current situation of vertical transmission of HIV in the "Matilde Hidalgo de Procel" maternity hospital in the period 2019 to 2021, in the city of Guayaquil. Materials and methods: It is a quantitative, non-experimental, retrospective, cross-sectional and descriptive study; The medical records of HIV-positive pregnant women who attended the hospital entity during the study period, both for outpatient consultation and hospitalization, were used. Results: a sample of (n=133) was obtained, in 2020 more HIV cases were reported corresponding to 45%, during the year 2020 there was an increase of 500 live births, while the years 2019 and 2020 remained at 32 %, despite the fact that there is good adherence to treatment, there are shortcomings when receiving HIV-positive pregnant women before pregnancy. Conclusion: Of the 133 pregnant women, all had seroreverting babies by having acceptable adherence to treatment, at least 4 weeks before delivery, while mothers who did not have antiretroviral therapy had seropositive live births. Therefore, it is concluded that antiretroviral therapy has positive and important effects for the prevention of antiretroviral transmission. It is recommended that mothers attend prenatal check-ups, HIV screening at the first consultation and good adherence to treatment. It is important to emphasize that the state should have greater interest in HIV-positive women of childbearing age, adapting family planning methods to avoid contagion. Keywords: HIV, pregnant women, antiretroviral therapy, vertical transmission.
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TRANSMISION VERTICAL DE ENFERMEDAD INFECCIOSA, VIRUS DE LA INMUNODEFICIENCIA HUMANA, TERAPIA ANTIRRETROVIRAL ALTAMENTE ACTIVA, EPIDEMIOLOGIA DESCRIPTIVA, ESTUDIOS RETROSPECTIVOS, HOSPITAL MATERNO INFANTIL DRA. MATILDE HIDALGO DE PROCEL, CANTON GUAYAQUIL, ECUADOR