Análisis de la accidentabilidad laboral por la manipulación de objetos cortopunzantes de los trabajadores de un laboratorio hospitalario de Guayaquil.
Fecha
2021-12-27
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Universidad de Guayaquil. Facultad de Ingeniería Industrial. Maestría en Seguridad, Salud e Higiene Industrial.
Resumen
La manipulación de los desechos cortopunzantes es considerada un riesgo de
gran relevancia, donde amenaza la salud de los trabajadores sanitarios. El personal
de salud se expone a varias patologías infecciosas ocurriendo a través de lesiones
percutáneas como pinchazos, cortes y rasguños, permitiendo desencadenar una
enfermedad ocupacional temporal o permanente. El objetivo del presente trabajo de
investigación fue analizar la tasa de accidentabilidad laboral por la manipulación
de objetos cortopunzantes de los trabajadores de un laboratorio hospitalario de
Guayaquil comprendido entre los años 2019 y 2020. El tipo de investigación fue no
experimental, transeccional cuyo estudio fue descriptivo-retrospectivo. La
población estuvo conformada por 32 trabajadores, los mismos que laboraban en el
área del laboratorio. El compendio de datos estadísticos donde se realizó el análisis
respectivo durante el tiempo de estudio, se la obtuvo de los registros y documentos
del mismo laboratorio. Las variables consideradas fueron género, edad, experiencia
laboral, tipo de accidente laboral, acciones específicas al momento del accidente,
partes del cuerpo afectadas, causas de los accidentes, elementos causantes de las
lesiones y enfermedades desarrolladas por los accidentes laborales. En los periodos
de estudio se originaron 56 accidentes por la manipulación de objetos
cortopunzantes de los cuales solo en 12 trabajadores causaron enfermedades
profesionales, dichas enfermedades desencadenaron los siguientes virus: 58%
VHB, 33% VHC y 8% VIH, se evidencia que el género masculino causó el 58% de
contagio y el género femenino causó el 42% de contagio, la edad que tuvo mayor
contagio fue la de 25 a 30 años con una experiencia laboral de 2 años. Las patologías
desarrolladas en los trabajadores fueron originadas por pinchazos y cortaduras al
momento que realizaban sus actividades laborales como la extracción de sangre, la
centrifugación de las muestras y en los procesos de hemocultivos.
The manipulation of sharps waste is considered a risk of great relevance which threatens the health of the healthcare workers. Health staff is exposed to various infectious pathologies occurring through percutaneous injuries such as punctures, cuts, and scratches, allowing to trigger a temporary or permanent occupational disease. The aim of this research was to analyze the occupational accident rate due to the handling of sharps among workers in a hospital laboratory in Guayaquil between 2019 and 2020. The type of investigation was non-experimental, cross- sectional and the study was descriptive-retrospective. The population consisted of 32 employees who worked in the laboratory area. The statistical data compendium where the respective analysis was performed during the time of the study was obtained from the records and documents of the laboratory itself. The variables considered were gender, age, work experience, type of occupational accident, specific actions at the time of the accident, parts of the body affected, causes of the accident, elements causing the injuries, and diseases developed by the occupational accidents. During the study periods, 56% of the accidents were caused by the handling of sharps, of which only 12 workers caused professional illnesses, which triggered the following viruses: 58% HBV, 33% HCV, and 8% HIV, it is evident that the male gender caused 58% of contagion, the age that had more contagion was 25 to 30 years with a work experience of 2 years. The pathologies developed in the workers were caused by punctures and cuts while performing the work activities such as blood collection, sample centrifugation, and blood culture processes.
The manipulation of sharps waste is considered a risk of great relevance which threatens the health of the healthcare workers. Health staff is exposed to various infectious pathologies occurring through percutaneous injuries such as punctures, cuts, and scratches, allowing to trigger a temporary or permanent occupational disease. The aim of this research was to analyze the occupational accident rate due to the handling of sharps among workers in a hospital laboratory in Guayaquil between 2019 and 2020. The type of investigation was non-experimental, cross- sectional and the study was descriptive-retrospective. The population consisted of 32 employees who worked in the laboratory area. The statistical data compendium where the respective analysis was performed during the time of the study was obtained from the records and documents of the laboratory itself. The variables considered were gender, age, work experience, type of occupational accident, specific actions at the time of the accident, parts of the body affected, causes of the accident, elements causing the injuries, and diseases developed by the occupational accidents. During the study periods, 56% of the accidents were caused by the handling of sharps, of which only 12 workers caused professional illnesses, which triggered the following viruses: 58% HBV, 33% HCV, and 8% HIV, it is evident that the male gender caused 58% of contagion, the age that had more contagion was 25 to 30 years with a work experience of 2 years. The pathologies developed in the workers were caused by punctures and cuts while performing the work activities such as blood collection, sample centrifugation, and blood culture processes.
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Palabras clave
SEGURIDAD, SALUD E HIGIENE INDUSTRIAL, RIESGOS BIOLÓGICOS, ACCIDENTABILIDAD LABORAL, MANIPULACIÓN DE OBJETOS CORTOPUNZANTES