Presencia de aflatoxina total y hongos micotoxigenicos en harina de pescado producida en la costa Ecuatoriana en los años 2012 y 2013
Fecha
2014
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Universidad de Guayaquil. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Escuela de Graduados
Resumen
La determinación de aflatoxina total en harina de pescado es de gran importancia por sus efectos cancerígenos, teratogénicos, mutagénicos y residual en diferentes organismos. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar y cuantificar el contenido de aflatoxina total y hongos micotoxigénicos en harina de pescado de harineras de Manabí, Santa Elena y Guayas. Para determinar la concentración de aflatoxina total (ppb) se usó el método inmunoenzimático con la técnica de ELISA. Para identificación y contaje de hongos micotoxigénicos (UFC.g-1) se empleó la técnica tradicional con el uso de agar DRBC. Se analizaron y compararon 99 muestras de 2012 (abril-septiembre) y 104 de 2013. Las concentraciones de aflatoxina total (ppb) vs. hongos por gramos de muestra, con relación a los estándares <20 ppb y 104 UFC.g-1, fueron significativamente inferior (p<0.05). El 69.0 % de harina de pescado demostró contaminación con aflatoxina total y el 62.6 % de hongos; en ambos casos, no supera el rango permisible por la legislación internacional y el INEN. Se observaron los géneros Aspergillus, Penicillum, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Absidia y otros, resultando predominante el género Penicillum. La humedad en harina de pescado estuvo entre los rangos permitidos por el INEN. La distribución espacio-temporal mostró que a pesar de haber una tendencia de incremento de hongos productores de aflatoxina, si las condiciones no son adecuadas, la toxina no se incrementa. Se concluye, que no hay impedimento para la comercialización de harina de pescado producida en Ecuador. Se recomienda realizar investigaciones de cuantificación de aflatoxina B1 mediante método de cromatografía líquida de alta resolución.
Determination of total aflatoxin in fishmeal samples is of great importance due to its carcinogenic, teratogenic, mutagenic and residual effects in different organisms. The aim of this study was to determine and quantify the total aflatoxin content and mycotoxigenic fungi in fishmeal produced by fishmeal factories in Manabí, Santa Elena and Guayas. To determine the concentration of total aflatoxin (ppb) the immunoenzymatic method with the ELISA technique was used. For identification and counting of mycotoxigenic fungi (CFU g-1) the traditional technique was applied using DRBC Agar Base. 99 samples were analyzed for 2012 (April to September) and 104 for 2013. The total aflatoxin concentrations (ppb) vs. fungi per gram of sample compared to the standard < 20 ppb and 104CFU g-1 were significantly lower (p<0.05). A 69.0% of fishmeal showed contamination with total aflatoxin and a 62.6 % with fungi; in both cases these values do not exceed the range permitted by international law and INEN. Fungi of the genus Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Absidia and others were found; where the Penicillium genus was predominant. Moisture in fishmeal fluctuated within the range allowed by INEN. The spatio-temporal distribution showed that despite the occurrence of an increasing trend of producer fungi of aflatoxin, if conditions are not appropriate, the toxin will not increase. As a conclusion, there is not impediment for the commercialization of fishmeal produced in Ecuador. Research on quantifying aflatoxin B1 is recommended by utilizing high performance liquid chromatography.
Determination of total aflatoxin in fishmeal samples is of great importance due to its carcinogenic, teratogenic, mutagenic and residual effects in different organisms. The aim of this study was to determine and quantify the total aflatoxin content and mycotoxigenic fungi in fishmeal produced by fishmeal factories in Manabí, Santa Elena and Guayas. To determine the concentration of total aflatoxin (ppb) the immunoenzymatic method with the ELISA technique was used. For identification and counting of mycotoxigenic fungi (CFU g-1) the traditional technique was applied using DRBC Agar Base. 99 samples were analyzed for 2012 (April to September) and 104 for 2013. The total aflatoxin concentrations (ppb) vs. fungi per gram of sample compared to the standard < 20 ppb and 104CFU g-1 were significantly lower (p<0.05). A 69.0% of fishmeal showed contamination with total aflatoxin and a 62.6 % with fungi; in both cases these values do not exceed the range permitted by international law and INEN. Fungi of the genus Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Absidia and others were found; where the Penicillium genus was predominant. Moisture in fishmeal fluctuated within the range allowed by INEN. The spatio-temporal distribution showed that despite the occurrence of an increasing trend of producer fungi of aflatoxin, if conditions are not appropriate, the toxin will not increase. As a conclusion, there is not impediment for the commercialization of fishmeal produced in Ecuador. Research on quantifying aflatoxin B1 is recommended by utilizing high performance liquid chromatography.
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Aflatoxinas, Hongos micotoxigénicos, Harina de pescado, Provincia de Manabí, Provincia de Santa Elena, Provincia del Guayas, Ecuador