El Covid-19 y la variación de la pobreza por ingresos en las zonas rurales del Ecuador.
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2022-01
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Universidad de Guayaquil. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas
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En el año 2020, las medidas tomadas por el Gobierno Ecuatoriano para enfrentar la pandemia COVID-19, paralizaron las actividades en el país y esto ocasionó el cierre de varias empresas o negocios en la mayoría de los sectores económicos. Provocando desempleo, informalidad en los hogares rurales y urbanos; y, por consiguiente, incrementó las situaciones de vulnerabilidad y pobreza en el país; afectando los ingresos de la población rural y urbana. Es por ello que, el objetivo de esta investigación es analizar el efecto de la pandemia Covid-19 en los niveles de pobreza por ingresos de las zonas rurales del Ecuador.
Se usó una metodología cualitativa, no experimental, descriptiva, basada en la recopilación de datos del Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censos. Las diferentes estimaciones de pobreza, extrema pobreza, empleo y desempleo se llevaron a cabo a partir de los datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Empleo, Desempleo y Subempleo, de junio 2018, junio 2019, junio 2020 y junio 2021. También, se utilizó los datos de los Boletines del Banco central del Ecuador. Para definir el umbral de pobreza por ingresos, se utilizó la línea de pobreza absoluta, con los datos de la última Encuesta de Condiciones de Vida del INEC. Se utilizó Tablas y gráficos, y se calculó las tasas de pobreza por ingresos.
Se tomó la perspectiva de pobreza monetaria usada por el Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censos. En la investigación se usa una perspectiva macro social. Los datos utilizados son obtenidos de la zona rural y urbana del País. Según el INEC, para la zona rural hay un incremento en pobreza por ingresos, de 5,4 p.p. para junio 2021 en relación a junio de 2019, quedando en 49,2%, eso quiere decir que casi la mitad de la población rural es pobre por ingresos. En lo que se refiere a pobreza extrema por ingresos, a nivel rural, hubo un aumento de 10,1 puntos porcentuales, al pasar de 17,9% (en junio de 2019) a 28,0% en junio del 2021, siendo el aumento más significativo para la pobreza de este sector. Por otro lado, a nivel Nacional, la pobreza extrema por ingresos incrementó en 5,2 puntos porcentuales en el período mencionado, quedando en 14,7% para junio 2021. No obstante, a nivel Nacional la incidencia de pobreza por ingresos alcanzó el 32,2% (en junio 2021), representa un 46,7 p.p. más que junio 2019; lo que significa que actualmente uno de cada tres es pobre por ingresos.
n 2020, the measures taken by the Ecuadorian Government to face the COVID-19 pandemic paralyzed activities in the country and this caused the closure of several companies or businesses in most economic sectors. Causing unemployment, informality in rural and urban households; and, consequently, increased situations of vulnerability and poverty in the country; affecting the income of the rural and urban population. That is why the objective of this research is to analyze the effect of the Covid-19 pandemic on income poverty levels in rural areas of Ecuador. A qualitative, non-experimental, descriptive methodology was used, based on data collection from the National Institute of Statistics and Censuses. The different estimates of poverty, extreme poverty, employment and unemployment were carried out based on data from the National Survey of Employment, Unemployment and Underemployment, of June 2018, June 2019, June 2020 and June 2021. Also, the data from the Bulletins of the Central Bank of Ecuador. To define the income poverty threshold, the absolute poverty line was used, with data from the latest INEC Living Conditions Survey. Tables and graphs were used, and income poverty rates were calculated. The perspective of monetary poverty used by the National Institute of Statistics and Censuses was taken. A macro social perspective is used in the research. The data used are obtained from the rural and urban areas of the country. According to the INEC, for the rural area there is an increase in income poverty of 5.4 p.p. for June 2021 in relation to June 2019, remaining at 49.2%, which means that almost half of the rural population is poor due to income. Regarding extreme poverty by income, at the rural level, there was an increase of 10.1 percentage points, going from 17.9% (in June 2019) to 28.0% in June 2021, being the most significant increase for poverty in this sector. On the other hand, at the national level, extreme income poverty increased by 5.2 percentage points in the mentioned period, remaining at 14.7% by June 2021. However, at the national level, the incidence of income poverty reached 32 .2% (in June 2021), represents 46.7 pp more than June 2019; which means that currently one in three is income poor.
n 2020, the measures taken by the Ecuadorian Government to face the COVID-19 pandemic paralyzed activities in the country and this caused the closure of several companies or businesses in most economic sectors. Causing unemployment, informality in rural and urban households; and, consequently, increased situations of vulnerability and poverty in the country; affecting the income of the rural and urban population. That is why the objective of this research is to analyze the effect of the Covid-19 pandemic on income poverty levels in rural areas of Ecuador. A qualitative, non-experimental, descriptive methodology was used, based on data collection from the National Institute of Statistics and Censuses. The different estimates of poverty, extreme poverty, employment and unemployment were carried out based on data from the National Survey of Employment, Unemployment and Underemployment, of June 2018, June 2019, June 2020 and June 2021. Also, the data from the Bulletins of the Central Bank of Ecuador. To define the income poverty threshold, the absolute poverty line was used, with data from the latest INEC Living Conditions Survey. Tables and graphs were used, and income poverty rates were calculated. The perspective of monetary poverty used by the National Institute of Statistics and Censuses was taken. A macro social perspective is used in the research. The data used are obtained from the rural and urban areas of the country. According to the INEC, for the rural area there is an increase in income poverty of 5.4 p.p. for June 2021 in relation to June 2019, remaining at 49.2%, which means that almost half of the rural population is poor due to income. Regarding extreme poverty by income, at the rural level, there was an increase of 10.1 percentage points, going from 17.9% (in June 2019) to 28.0% in June 2021, being the most significant increase for poverty in this sector. On the other hand, at the national level, extreme income poverty increased by 5.2 percentage points in the mentioned period, remaining at 14.7% by June 2021. However, at the national level, the incidence of income poverty reached 32 .2% (in June 2021), represents 46.7 pp more than June 2019; which means that currently one in three is income poor.
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COVID-19, POBREZA POR INGERSO, ZONA RURAL, ECUADOR
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