Guía farmacoterapéutica del uso racional de antibiótico en tratamiento de enfermedades respiratorias agudas en pacientes menores a 5 años
Fecha
2021
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Universidad de Guayaquil. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas
Resumen
Las enfermedades respiratorias agudas son la causa más frecuente de morbilidad y mortalidad en niños y niñas menores de 5 años en todo el mundo, en especial por infección respiratoria aguda. El uso inapropiado de los antibióticos provoca como consecuencia el desarrollo de resistencia bacteriana. Por lo que, la presente investigación tiene como objetivo diseñar un algoritmo/ guía farmacoterapéutica para el uso racional de antibióticos en el tratamiento de infecciones respiratorias inferiores en pacientes pediátricos menores a 5 años. El marco metodológico implicó un enfoque cuali- cuantitativo, modalidad investigación y desarrollo, tipo descriptiva y retrospectivo. La técnica de recolección de datos consistió en la obtención de perfiles farmacoterapéuticos de los pacientes pediátricos menores a 5 años, como base de datos donde registra los datos de los pacientes incluido el antibiótico prescrito y comparando el esquema terapéutico prescrito con guías clínicas para el diseño del algoritmo/guía farmacoterapéutica que permita un adecuado uso de antibióticos. Los resultados obtenidos identificaron 122 pacientes con infecciones respiratorias inferiores; siendo la neumonía organismo no especificado/bronconeumonía, no especificada el diagnóstico con mayor incidencia con un 43,4%, seguido por el diagnóstico de neumonía, organismo no especificado/ neumonía, no especificada con un 31,9%. Del cual 51,6% corresponde al sexo femenino y un 48,4% al sexo masculino con rangos de edades entre 1 - 3 años. Los pacientes que ingresan al área de pediatría lactantes con diagnóstico de infecciones respiratorias inferiores durante los meses de estudio, el 66,4% utilizan antibióticos. Con mayor uso de amoxicilina + ácido clavulánico 59,3% seguido de claritromicina con 19,8%. Con respeto a los diagnósticos bronquitis, bronquiolitis, asma bronquial no es recomendable el uso de antibióticos, sólo es indicado frente a sospecha de sobreinfección bacteriana. Como en el caso de neumonías bacterianas. Donde el tratamiento recomendado es amoxicilina más ácido clavulánico por vía de administración oral y como alternativa un macrólido como la claritromicina, lo cual concuerda con los resultados obtenidos en el estudio.
Acute respiratory diseases are the most common cause of morbidity and mortality in children under 5 years of age worldwide, especially due to acute respiratory infection. The inappropriate use of antibiotics leads to the development of bacterial resistance. Therefore, the present research aims to design an algorithm / pharmacotherapeutic guide for the rational use of antibiotics in the treatment of lower respiratory infections in pediatric patients under 5 years of age. The methodological framework implied a qualitative-quantitative approach, research and development modality, descriptive and retrospective type. The data collection technique consisted of obtaining pharmacotherapeutic profiles of pediatric patients under 5 years of age, as a database where the data of the patients including the prescribed antibiotic is recorded and comparing the prescribed therapeutic scheme with clinical guidelines for the design of the algorithm / pharmacotherapeutic guide that allows an adequate use of antibiotics. The results obtained identified 122 patients with lower respiratory infections; with pneumonia unspecified organism / Bronchopneumonia, unspecified the diagnosis with the highest incidence with 43.4%, followed by the diagnosis of pneumonia, unspecified organism / Pneumonia, unspecified with 31.9%. Of which 51.6% corresponds to the female sex and 48.4% to the male sex with age ranges between 1 - 3 years. The patients who entered the pediatric area as infants with a diagnosis of lower respiratory infections during the study months, 66.4% used antibiotics. With greater use of amoxicillin + clavulanic acid 59.3% followed by clarithromycin with 19.8%. With respect to the diagnoses of bronchitis, bronchiolitis, bronchial asthma, the use of antibiotics is not recommended, it is only indicated when there is a suspicion of bacterial superinfection. As in the case of bacterial pneumonia. Where the recommended treatment is amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid by oral administration route and as an alternative a macrolide such as clarithromycin, which agrees with the results obtained in the study.
Acute respiratory diseases are the most common cause of morbidity and mortality in children under 5 years of age worldwide, especially due to acute respiratory infection. The inappropriate use of antibiotics leads to the development of bacterial resistance. Therefore, the present research aims to design an algorithm / pharmacotherapeutic guide for the rational use of antibiotics in the treatment of lower respiratory infections in pediatric patients under 5 years of age. The methodological framework implied a qualitative-quantitative approach, research and development modality, descriptive and retrospective type. The data collection technique consisted of obtaining pharmacotherapeutic profiles of pediatric patients under 5 years of age, as a database where the data of the patients including the prescribed antibiotic is recorded and comparing the prescribed therapeutic scheme with clinical guidelines for the design of the algorithm / pharmacotherapeutic guide that allows an adequate use of antibiotics. The results obtained identified 122 patients with lower respiratory infections; with pneumonia unspecified organism / Bronchopneumonia, unspecified the diagnosis with the highest incidence with 43.4%, followed by the diagnosis of pneumonia, unspecified organism / Pneumonia, unspecified with 31.9%. Of which 51.6% corresponds to the female sex and 48.4% to the male sex with age ranges between 1 - 3 years. The patients who entered the pediatric area as infants with a diagnosis of lower respiratory infections during the study months, 66.4% used antibiotics. With greater use of amoxicillin + clavulanic acid 59.3% followed by clarithromycin with 19.8%. With respect to the diagnoses of bronchitis, bronchiolitis, bronchial asthma, the use of antibiotics is not recommended, it is only indicated when there is a suspicion of bacterial superinfection. As in the case of bacterial pneumonia. Where the recommended treatment is amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid by oral administration route and as an alternative a macrolide such as clarithromycin, which agrees with the results obtained in the study.
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INFECCIÓN, RESISTENCIA BACTERIANA, GUÍA FARMACOTERAPÉUTICA, USO RACIONAL, ANTIBIÓTICOS