Análisis de las estrategias para la biorremediación de suelos contaminados con hidrocarburos totales de petróleo (TPH)
Fecha
2020-10
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Facultad de Ciencias Naturales. Universidad de Guayaquil
Resumen
El incremento de la población y el desarrollo industrial sin precedentes, alcanzados durante el siglo XX y parte del XXI, han elevado la presencia de contaminantes sólidos y líquidos a niveles críticos. Como consecuencia tenemos la aparición de problemas de contaminación que antes se desconocían y para los cuales la sociedad no está preparada. Aunque los hidrocarburos del petróleo no sean xenobióticos ya que su origen es natural,
su uso a gran escala y los vertidos accidentales han provocado daños ambientales graves. A través de una revisión bibliográfica, se analizaron las diferentes estrategias de biorremediación de hidrocarburos y el análisis de casos de biorremediación. La biodegradación de estos tipo de contaminantes es un proceso que se puede dar de forma natural por los microorganismos autóctonos de la zona contaminada, siempre que tengan
las vías metabólicas adecuadas. Para que la biorremediación sea eficaz, los contaminantes deben ser susceptibles del ataque microbiano (transformación metabólica), los productos metabólicos deben ser inocuos, y el proceso no debe tener efectos secundarios adversos en los ecosistemas. Además, las condiciones ambientales deben permitir el crecimiento in situ de los agentes microbianos que llevan a cabo la biorremediación o la extracción del contaminante de manera que pueda biodegradarse ex situ en biorreactores. En la evaluación de los casos de biorremediación se alcanzaron porcentajes de biorremediación
que van desde el 55,0 al 97,9%, dependiendo del organismo utilizado y de las condiciones ambientales. Los procesos de biorremediación de los hidrocarburos totales del petróleo demuestran ser efectivos y sostenibles.
Population growth and unprecedented industrial development, achieved during the 20th century and part of the 21st, have raised solid and liquid pollutants to critical levels. Consequently, we have the appearance of pollution problems that were previously unknown and for which society is not prepared. Although petroleum hydrocarbons are not xenobiotic as they are of natural origin, their large-scale use and accidental spills have caused severe environmental damage. Through a bibliographic review, the different hydrocarbon bioremediation strategies and the analysis of bioremediation cases were analyzed. Biodegradation of these types of pollutants is a process that can occur naturally by autochthonous microorganisms in the contaminated area, as long as they have adequate metabolic pathways. For bioremediation to be practical, contaminants must be susceptible to microbial attack (metabolic transformation), metabolic products must be safe, and the process must not have adverse side effects on ecosystems. Furthermore, environmental conditions must allow in situ growth of microbial agents that carry out bioremediation or removal of the contaminant so that it can biodegrade ex-situ in bioreactors. In the evaluation of bioremediation cases, bioremediation percentages ranging from 55.0 to 97.9% were reached, depending on the organism used and the environmental conditions. Bioremediation processes for total petroleum hydrocarbons prove to be effective and sustainable.
Population growth and unprecedented industrial development, achieved during the 20th century and part of the 21st, have raised solid and liquid pollutants to critical levels. Consequently, we have the appearance of pollution problems that were previously unknown and for which society is not prepared. Although petroleum hydrocarbons are not xenobiotic as they are of natural origin, their large-scale use and accidental spills have caused severe environmental damage. Through a bibliographic review, the different hydrocarbon bioremediation strategies and the analysis of bioremediation cases were analyzed. Biodegradation of these types of pollutants is a process that can occur naturally by autochthonous microorganisms in the contaminated area, as long as they have adequate metabolic pathways. For bioremediation to be practical, contaminants must be susceptible to microbial attack (metabolic transformation), metabolic products must be safe, and the process must not have adverse side effects on ecosystems. Furthermore, environmental conditions must allow in situ growth of microbial agents that carry out bioremediation or removal of the contaminant so that it can biodegrade ex-situ in bioreactors. In the evaluation of bioremediation cases, bioremediation percentages ranging from 55.0 to 97.9% were reached, depending on the organism used and the environmental conditions. Bioremediation processes for total petroleum hydrocarbons prove to be effective and sustainable.
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BIORREMEDIACIÓN, FITORREMEDIACIÓN, HIDROCARBURO, METABOLISMO MICROBIANO