Perfil epidemiológico y características clínicas del asma bronquial en pacientes pediátricos
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2020
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Universidad de Guayaquil. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Carrera de Medicina
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El asma es una enfermedad respiratoria crónica muy frecuente en la infancia. Actualmente existen más de 300 millones de personas con asma a nivel mundial. La prevalencia más alta se encuentra en países de habla inglesa de Australasia, Europa y América del Norte, y en partes de América Latina. Los factores contribuyen a su desarrollo son tanto genéticos como ambientales. OBJETIVO: Caracterizar las manifestaciones clínicas según el perfil epidemiológico en pacientes pediátricos. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: La siguiente investigación es de tipo analítica, transversal, retrospectivo con enfoque cuantitativo y de diseño no experimental. Se requirieron 100 niños con asma bronquial entre los 5 y 9 años atendidos en el Hospital General Martín Icaza durante el periodo 2018-2019. RESULTADOS: El 55% era masculino y el 45% femenino. La edad más frecuente fue 5 años (42%). El 80% tiene antecedentes familiares de asma. El 93% vive en un área urbana y el otro 7% en un área rural. Los factores exacerbantes más frecuentes fueron las infecciones respiratorias con el 47%, los cambios de temperatura con el 28%, la exposición a alérgenos el 16% y el humo de cigarrillo el 9%. El 100% refirió tos, disnea y sibilancias y solo un 20% refirió dolor torácico. CONCLUSIONES: Los factores más importantes para el desarrollo de asma bronquial fueron el sexo masculino, los antecedentes familiares, el área urbana y las infecciones respiratorias agudas condicionadas por los cambios estacionales. Las manifestaciones clínicas más comunes fueron la disnea, la tos y las sibilancias con variaciones en su intensidad y frecuencia
INTRODUCTION: Asthma is a very common chronic respiratory disease in childhood. There are currently more than 300 million people with asthma worldwide. The highest prevalence is found in English-speaking countries of Australasia, Europe, and North America, and in parts of Latin America. In 2019, there were 2,547 cases and 6 deaths from Asthma in Ecuador. Asthma is a polygenic and multifactorial disorder, which means that many factors contribute to its development. These factors are both genetic and environmental. OBJECTIVE: To characterize the clinical manifestations according to the epidemiological profile in pediatric patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The following research is analytical, cross-sectional, retrospective with a quantitative approach and a non-experimental design. 100 children with bronchial asthma between the ages of 5 and 9 were treated at the Martín Icaza General Hospital during the 20182019 period. RESULTS: 55% were male and 45% female. The most frequent age was 5 years (42%). 80% have a family history of asthma. 93% live in an urban area and the other 7% in a rural area. The most frequent exacerbating factors were respiratory infections with 47%, temperature changes with 28%, exposure to allergens in 16% and cigarette smoke in 9%. 100% referred cough, dyspnea and wheezing and only 20% referred chest pain. CONCLUSIONS: The most important factors for the development of bronchial asthma were male sex, family history, urban area, and acute respiratory infections conditioned by seasonal changes. The most common clinical manifestations were dyspnea, cough, and wheezing with variations in intensity and frequency
INTRODUCTION: Asthma is a very common chronic respiratory disease in childhood. There are currently more than 300 million people with asthma worldwide. The highest prevalence is found in English-speaking countries of Australasia, Europe, and North America, and in parts of Latin America. In 2019, there were 2,547 cases and 6 deaths from Asthma in Ecuador. Asthma is a polygenic and multifactorial disorder, which means that many factors contribute to its development. These factors are both genetic and environmental. OBJECTIVE: To characterize the clinical manifestations according to the epidemiological profile in pediatric patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The following research is analytical, cross-sectional, retrospective with a quantitative approach and a non-experimental design. 100 children with bronchial asthma between the ages of 5 and 9 were treated at the Martín Icaza General Hospital during the 20182019 period. RESULTS: 55% were male and 45% female. The most frequent age was 5 years (42%). 80% have a family history of asthma. 93% live in an urban area and the other 7% in a rural area. The most frequent exacerbating factors were respiratory infections with 47%, temperature changes with 28%, exposure to allergens in 16% and cigarette smoke in 9%. 100% referred cough, dyspnea and wheezing and only 20% referred chest pain. CONCLUSIONS: The most important factors for the development of bronchial asthma were male sex, family history, urban area, and acute respiratory infections conditioned by seasonal changes. The most common clinical manifestations were dyspnea, cough, and wheezing with variations in intensity and frequency
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Perfil de salud, Signos y síntomas, Asma, Pediatría, Epidemiología analítica, Estudios retrospectivos, Hospital General Martín Icaza, Cantón Babahoyo, Ecuador