Bacterias indicadoras de contaminación fecal en el tramo D y E del estero salado
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2016
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Universidad de Guayaquil. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Escuela de Graduados
Resumen
El propósito de esta investigación fue cuantificar e identificar la presencia de bacterias
indicadoras de contaminación fecal (coliformes totales, fecales, Escherichia coli,
enterococos) y otras bacterias afines a la flora fecal. Se utilizó la técnica del Número Más
Probable y Filtración por membrana. El estudio se desarrolló en los tramos D y E (entre
el Puente 5 de Junio y Puente Portete) un ramal del estero salado en la zona turística de
Guayaquil (malecón del salado). Se recolectaron un total de 72 muestras de agua en horas
de la mañana, durante febrero, marzo y septiembre del 2016 con marea saliente (reflujo)
en 24 estaciones distribuidas en 8 perfiles perpendiculares a la línea de costa. Los gráficos
de cajones y bigotes realizados en el programa STATGRAPHICS plus 5.1, determinó que
la mayor población bacteriana de coliformes totales, fecales, E. coli y Enterococos se
encontró en la época húmeda, los límites mínimos de CF y ENT., superaron los CCM
(200NMP/100ml) de la normativa ambiental ecuatoriana y valor referencial (33 – 35
UFC/100ml) descrita en APHA y EPA. La masiva presencia de bacterias indicadoras de
contaminación fecal en los sectores estudiados están asociados a los desechos de origen
doméstico, la distribución porcentual de bacterias afines al grupo fecal, mostró que existe
una gran variedad de microorganismos siendo la Escherichia coli la más representativa
(42,9% y 60,5%) en ambas épocas.
It is the purpose of this research to quantify and identify the presence of bacteria which indicate fecal contamination (total coliforms, fecal, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus) and other bacteria related to fecal flora. The Most Probably Number and Membrane Filtration technique was used. The study was developed in D and E sections (between Puente 5 de Junio and Puente Portete) branch of Estero Salado in the tourist area of Guayaquil (Malecon del Salado). A total of 72 water samples were gathered during mornings in February, March and September of 2016, with outgoing tide (reflux) in 24 stations distributed in 8 perpendicular profiles to the coastline. The graphs of drawers and whiskers performed in STATGRAPHICS plus 5.1 program determined the largest bacterial colony of total coliforms, fecals, E. coli and Enterococcus was found in wet season, the minimum limits of CF and ENT exceeded CCM (200NMP / 100ml) from Ecuadorian environmental regulation and reference value (33 - 35 CFU / 100ml) described in the APHA and EPA. The presence of bacteria indicates fecal contamination in the studied sectors are associated with domestic waste, the percentage distribution of bacteria related to the fecal group, showed there is a great variety of microorganisms being Escherichia coli the most representative (42, 9% and 60.5%) in both seasons.
It is the purpose of this research to quantify and identify the presence of bacteria which indicate fecal contamination (total coliforms, fecal, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus) and other bacteria related to fecal flora. The Most Probably Number and Membrane Filtration technique was used. The study was developed in D and E sections (between Puente 5 de Junio and Puente Portete) branch of Estero Salado in the tourist area of Guayaquil (Malecon del Salado). A total of 72 water samples were gathered during mornings in February, March and September of 2016, with outgoing tide (reflux) in 24 stations distributed in 8 perpendicular profiles to the coastline. The graphs of drawers and whiskers performed in STATGRAPHICS plus 5.1 program determined the largest bacterial colony of total coliforms, fecals, E. coli and Enterococcus was found in wet season, the minimum limits of CF and ENT exceeded CCM (200NMP / 100ml) from Ecuadorian environmental regulation and reference value (33 - 35 CFU / 100ml) described in the APHA and EPA. The presence of bacteria indicates fecal contamination in the studied sectors are associated with domestic waste, the percentage distribution of bacteria related to the fecal group, showed there is a great variety of microorganisms being Escherichia coli the most representative (42, 9% and 60.5%) in both seasons.
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Strepto-Enterococcus, Escherichia Coli, Bacterias, Estero Salado, Cantón Guayaquil, Ecuador