Determinación de Cadmio y Plomo en agua y sedimento del estero "El Macho" de la ciudad de Machala
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2017
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Facultad de Ciencias Naturales. Universidad de Guayaquil
Resumen
El crecimiento poblacional desorganizado de la ciudad de Machala ha causado un impacto significativo al ambiente. La generación de desechos, descargas sin previo tratamiento de aguas servidas y uso de fertilizantes y pesticidas de la producción bananera y camaronera han provocado un incremento de
contaminantes entre ellos los metales pesados. Su alta toxicidad, persistencia y fácil acumulación hacen de estos un peligro para los ecosistemas marinos y las especies que habitan en ellos. Con la finalidad de estudiar el grado de contaminación por metales pesados del estero El Macho se evaluó concentraciones de Cd y Pb en agua y sedimento. El área de estudio fue dividida en tres sitios de muestreo en donde las
muestras de agua y sedimento se recolectaron por triplicado. Su análisis fue realizado mediante espectrofotometría de absorción atómica de llama. En base al análisis de las concentraciones obtenidas se puede concluir que el agua y sedimento del estero El Macho no cumple con los criterios de calidad admisibles, encontrando valores que clasifican el estado del estero como contaminado. Por lo que refiere a agua, las concentraciones encontradas de cadmio fueron de (0,026 ± 0,002 ppm) y (0,053 ± 0,004 ppm) siendo superiores hasta 5,2 y 10,6 veces respectivamente al límite máximo de los Criterios de
calidad admisibles para la preservación de la vida acuática y silvestre en aguas dulces, marinas y de estuario establecidos en el Anexo 1 del Libro VI del TULSMA. No obstante, las concentraciones de plomo en agua no fueron detectables por el equipo de medición. Asimismo, todos los sedimentos presentan altas concentraciones de plomo, que van desde (37,86 ± 11,55 ppm) hasta (72,32 ± 7,72 ppm) y un único valor detectable de cadmio (0,950 ± 0,00 ppm), superando los criterios de la Norma Internacional Canadian
Environmental Quality Guidelines. Los resultados obtenidos presentan valores de referencia para comprobar la afectación de estos contaminantes hacia la biota e información de base para futuros monitoreos del sector. Se elaboró una propuesta direccionada a intervenir en los puntos de descarga Identificados en el estudio con el objetivo de establecer medidas de control dirigidas a aplicarse en las fuentes de descargas por parte de las respectivas entidades reguladoras.
The disorganized population growth of Machala city has caused a significant impact on the environment. The generation of waste, untreated wastewater discharges and banana and shrimp production substances like pesticides and fertilizers have led to an increase in pollutants including heavy metals. Their high toxicity, persistence and easy accumulation make them a threat to marine ecosystems and species that live there. In order to study the degree of contamination for heavy metals in the El Macho estuary, concentrations of heavy metals of Cd and Pb in water and sediment were evaluated. The study area was divided into three sampling sites where water and sediment samples were collected by triplicate. The analysis was performed by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Based on the analysis of the concentrations it can be concluded that the water and sediment of the estuary El Macho does not meet the admissible quality criteria, finding values that classify the state of the estuary as contaminated. As regards water, the concentrations of cadmium were (0,026 ± 0,002 ppm) and (0,053 ± 0,004 ppm) being higher up to 5,2 and 10,6 times respectively the maximum permissible limit present in the Quality Criteria for the Preservation of Aquatic and wild life in fresh, Marine and Estuarine Waters set out in Annex 1 of TULSMA Book VI. However, lead concentrations were not detectable by the measuring equipment. Also, all sediments have high concentrations of lead, ranging from (37,86 ± 11, 55 ppm) to (72,32 ± 7,72 ppm) and a single detectable value of cadmium (0,950 ± 0,00 ppm), according to the criteria of Canadian Environmental Quality Guidelines.The obtained results present reference values to verify the contamination of these contaminants towards the biota and basic information for future monitoring of the sector. A proposal was made to intervene in the points of discharge identified in the study with the objective of establishing control measures aimed at being applied in the sources of discharges by the respective regulators.
The disorganized population growth of Machala city has caused a significant impact on the environment. The generation of waste, untreated wastewater discharges and banana and shrimp production substances like pesticides and fertilizers have led to an increase in pollutants including heavy metals. Their high toxicity, persistence and easy accumulation make them a threat to marine ecosystems and species that live there. In order to study the degree of contamination for heavy metals in the El Macho estuary, concentrations of heavy metals of Cd and Pb in water and sediment were evaluated. The study area was divided into three sampling sites where water and sediment samples were collected by triplicate. The analysis was performed by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Based on the analysis of the concentrations it can be concluded that the water and sediment of the estuary El Macho does not meet the admissible quality criteria, finding values that classify the state of the estuary as contaminated. As regards water, the concentrations of cadmium were (0,026 ± 0,002 ppm) and (0,053 ± 0,004 ppm) being higher up to 5,2 and 10,6 times respectively the maximum permissible limit present in the Quality Criteria for the Preservation of Aquatic and wild life in fresh, Marine and Estuarine Waters set out in Annex 1 of TULSMA Book VI. However, lead concentrations were not detectable by the measuring equipment. Also, all sediments have high concentrations of lead, ranging from (37,86 ± 11, 55 ppm) to (72,32 ± 7,72 ppm) and a single detectable value of cadmium (0,950 ± 0,00 ppm), according to the criteria of Canadian Environmental Quality Guidelines.The obtained results present reference values to verify the contamination of these contaminants towards the biota and basic information for future monitoring of the sector. A proposal was made to intervene in the points of discharge identified in the study with the objective of establishing control measures aimed at being applied in the sources of discharges by the respective regulators.
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CADMIO, PLOMO, AGUA, SEDIMENTO