Complicaciones materno fetales en gestantes con ruptura prematura de membranas según factores de riesgo
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2021
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Universidad de Guayaquil. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Escuela de Graduados
Resumen
La ruptura prematura de las membranas es una afección común en los países
desarrollados y en desarrollo y representa una grave amenaza para el bienestar
materno y fetal si no se gestiona adecuadamente. Objetivo: Analizar las
complicaciones materno fetales en gestantes con ruptura prematura de membranas
según factores de riesgo. Metodología: Estudio de enfoque cuantitativo, de tipo
analítico, transversal y retrospectivo. Se analizó una muestra de 446 gestantes con
ruptura prematura de membranas del hospital general Guasmo Sur durante el
periodo del 1 de enero al 31 de diciembre del 2019. Se dividió a la muestra en 2
grupos dependiendo si presentan o no complicaciones materno fetales.
Resultados: La edad promedio fue de 24.81 ± 4,860, el grupo de 20-34 años fue
el más frecuente. La raza mestiza (48%) y blanca (36%) predominaron y la
cantidad de ingresos < 400 dólares (53%) se presentó en más de la mitad de las
personas analizadas El 9% tuvo antecedentes de abortos previos, siendo 79% de
tipo espontáneo. Solo el 2% reportó control obstétrico inadecuado, mientras que el
85% presentó entre 1-3 controles durante toda la gestación. La tasa de
complicaciones maternas fue del 13%, siendo las más comunes: corioamnionitis
(63%), infección posparto (36%) y el desprendimiento prematuro de placenta
(20%). La tasa de complicaciones fetales fue del 16%, siendo las más comunes:
prematuridad (61%), sepsis neonatal (32%), deformaciones (25%), hipoplasia
pulmonar (17%) y las contracturas (4%). El 64% (284) presentó factores de riesgo
asociados. Conclusión: Las complicaciones materno-fetales se asociaron
significativamente con tiempo de latencia prolongado, infección de vías urinarias,
vaginosis bacteriana, trabajo de parto prolongado, control obstétrico inadecuado,
oligohidramnios y el consumo de cigarrillos.
Premature rupture of the membranes is a common condition in developed and developing countries and poses a serious threat to maternal and fetal well-being if not managed properly. Objective: To analyze maternal fetal complications in pregnant women with premature rupture of membranes according to risk factors. Methodology: Study with a quantitative approach, analytical, cross-sectional and retrospective. A sample of 446 pregnant women with premature rupture of membranes from the Guasmo Sur general hospital was analyzed during the period from January 1 to December 31, 2019. The sample was divided into 2 groups depending on whether or not they present maternal-fetal complications. Results: The average age was 24.81 ± 4,860, the group of 20-34 years was the most frequent. The mixed race (48%) and white (36%) predominated and the amount of income <400 dollars (53%) was presented in more than half of the people analyzed. 9% had a history of previous abortions, with 79% of them spontaneous type. Only 2% reported inadequate obstetric control, while 85% presented between 1-3 controls during the entire pregnancy. The maternal complication rate was 13%, the most common being chorioamnionitis (63%), postpartum infection (36%) and premature detachment of the placenta (20%). The rate of fetal complications was 16%, the most common being: prematurity (61%), neonatal sepsis (32%), deformations (25%), pulmonary hypoplasia (17%) and contractures (4%). 64% (284) presented associated risk factors. Conclusion: Maternal-fetal complications were significantly associated with prolonged latency time, urinary tract infection, bacterial vaginosis, prolonged labor, inadequate obstetric control, oligohydramnios, and cigarette smoking.
Premature rupture of the membranes is a common condition in developed and developing countries and poses a serious threat to maternal and fetal well-being if not managed properly. Objective: To analyze maternal fetal complications in pregnant women with premature rupture of membranes according to risk factors. Methodology: Study with a quantitative approach, analytical, cross-sectional and retrospective. A sample of 446 pregnant women with premature rupture of membranes from the Guasmo Sur general hospital was analyzed during the period from January 1 to December 31, 2019. The sample was divided into 2 groups depending on whether or not they present maternal-fetal complications. Results: The average age was 24.81 ± 4,860, the group of 20-34 years was the most frequent. The mixed race (48%) and white (36%) predominated and the amount of income <400 dollars (53%) was presented in more than half of the people analyzed. 9% had a history of previous abortions, with 79% of them spontaneous type. Only 2% reported inadequate obstetric control, while 85% presented between 1-3 controls during the entire pregnancy. The maternal complication rate was 13%, the most common being chorioamnionitis (63%), postpartum infection (36%) and premature detachment of the placenta (20%). The rate of fetal complications was 16%, the most common being: prematurity (61%), neonatal sepsis (32%), deformations (25%), pulmonary hypoplasia (17%) and contractures (4%). 64% (284) presented associated risk factors. Conclusion: Maternal-fetal complications were significantly associated with prolonged latency time, urinary tract infection, bacterial vaginosis, prolonged labor, inadequate obstetric control, oligohydramnios, and cigarette smoking.
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Mujeres embarazadas, Rotura prematura de membrana fetales, Complicaciones del embarazo, Factores de riesgo, Epidemiología analítica, Estudios retrospectivos, Hospital General Guasmo Sur, Cantón Guayaquil, Ecuador