Análisis de la calidad de aguas residuales del laboratorio clínico en un hospital de la ciudad de Guayaquil
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2020-10
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Facultad de Ciencias Naturales. Universidad de Guayaquil
Resumen
Los desechos hospitalarios en la actualidad han sido objeto de estudio en la calidad ambiental, por ello los residuos líquidos de los laboratorios clínicos son considerados uno de los mayores aportantes a la contaminación de las aguas residuales hospitalarias. La finalidad de este estudio fue evaluar la calidad de las aguas residuales que se generaron en el laboratorio clínico de un hospital de la ciudad de Guayaquil. Los efluentes se recolectaron en recipientes de plástico y posteriormente se descargaron hacia la red de alcantarillado público, sin ningún tratamiento previo. Se escogieron las dos áreas que componen el laboratorio: Hematología y Uroanálisis, cuyos muestreos se realizaron en tres ocasiones con una periodicidad quincenal, en donde se analizaron 6 parámetros, enfocados a determinar la carga orgánica contaminante. En consecuencia, los parámetros de DBO5 (4545,97 mgO2/l) y DQO (6235,43 mgO2/l) presentaron concentraciones promedio elevadas que superaron los límites máximos permisibles establecidos por la normativa ecuatoriana vigente; mientras que, los SST (83,6 mg/l), SS (0,18 ml/l) y pH (7) se encontraron dentro de norma. Por su parte, el Nitrógeno Total Amoniacal pese a no formar parte en la legislación, fue un indicador de la mala calidad del agua. Se concluyó que las aguas residuales provenientes del laboratorio clínico contienen gran cantidad de materia orgánica y existe la posibilidad de presencia de organismos patógenos, lo que representan un riesgo para las personas y el ambiente.
Currently, hospital wastes have been an object of study regarding environmental quality, resulting in making the liquid waste from clinical laboratories considered one of the major contributors to the contamination of hospital residual water. The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of residual water that was generated in the clinical laboratory of a hospital in the city of Guayaquil. The effluent was recollected in plastic containers and then discharged towards the public sewerage system, with no prior treatment. Two areas that belong to the laboratory were chosen: Hematology and Uroanalysis, whose sampling was realized in three occasions in a periodical biweekly manner, in which 6 parameters focused in determining the pollutant organic load were analyzed. Consequently, the BOD (4545,97 mgO2/l) and COD (6235,43 mgO2/l) parameters presented averagely high concentrations that exceeded the maximum established limits by the Ecuadorian regulations in force, while TSS (83,6 mg/l), SS (0,18 ml/l) and pH (7) were within the appropriate values. Despite the Total Ammonia Nitrogen not being part of the legislation, it was an indicator of the bad quality of water. It was concluded that the residual water originated from the clinical laboratory contains a great load of organic matter and the possibility of presence of pathogens exists, which represents a risk for both humans and the environment
Currently, hospital wastes have been an object of study regarding environmental quality, resulting in making the liquid waste from clinical laboratories considered one of the major contributors to the contamination of hospital residual water. The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of residual water that was generated in the clinical laboratory of a hospital in the city of Guayaquil. The effluent was recollected in plastic containers and then discharged towards the public sewerage system, with no prior treatment. Two areas that belong to the laboratory were chosen: Hematology and Uroanalysis, whose sampling was realized in three occasions in a periodical biweekly manner, in which 6 parameters focused in determining the pollutant organic load were analyzed. Consequently, the BOD (4545,97 mgO2/l) and COD (6235,43 mgO2/l) parameters presented averagely high concentrations that exceeded the maximum established limits by the Ecuadorian regulations in force, while TSS (83,6 mg/l), SS (0,18 ml/l) and pH (7) were within the appropriate values. Despite the Total Ammonia Nitrogen not being part of the legislation, it was an indicator of the bad quality of water. It was concluded that the residual water originated from the clinical laboratory contains a great load of organic matter and the possibility of presence of pathogens exists, which represents a risk for both humans and the environment
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CONTAMINACIÓN, CARGA ORGÁNICA, AGUA RESIDUAL, RED DE ALCANTARILLADO